Flight Instructor Instrument - Powered-Lift ACS Codes

All 520 Flight Instructor Instrument - Powered-Lift and their official FAA knowledge-area descriptions. These are the codes printed on your Airman Knowledge Test Report for questions you missed. Upload your report to get just your codes as a printable sheet.

Code	FAA knowledge area
PI.II.A.K1	Symptoms, recognition, causes, effects, and corrective actions associated with aeromedical and physiological issues, including:
PI.II.A.K1a	a. Hypoxia
PI.II.A.K1b	b. Hyperventilation
PI.II.A.K1c	c. Middle ear and sinus problems
PI.II.A.K1d	d. Spatial disorientation
PI.II.A.K1e	e. Motion sickness
PI.II.A.K1f	f. Carbon monoxide poisoning
PI.II.A.K1g	g. Stress
PI.II.A.K1h	h. Fatigue
PI.II.A.K1i	i. Dehydration and nutrition
PI.II.A.K1j	j. Hypothermia
PI.II.A.K1k	k. Optical illusions
PI.II.A.K1l	l. Dissolved nitrogen in the bloodstream after scuba dives
PI.II.A.K2	Regulations regarding use of alcohol and drugs.
PI.II.A.K3	Effects of alcohol, drugs, and over-the-counter medications.
PI.II.A.K4	Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM) to include using Crew Resource Management (CRM) or Single- Pilot Resource Management (SRM), as appropriate.
PI.II.A.R1	Aeromedical and physiological issues.
PI.II.A.R2	Hazardous attitudes.
PI.II.A.R3	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PI.II.A.R4	Confirmation and expectation bias.
PI.II.A.S1	Associate the symptoms and effects for at least three of the conditions listed in K1a through K1l with the cause(s) and corrective action(s).
PI.II.A.S2	Perform self-assessment, including fitness for flight and personal minimums, for actual flight or a scenario given by the evaluator.
PI.II.B.K1	Required logbook entries for instruction given.
PI.II.B.K2	Preparation of a recommendation for practical test to include endorsements and logbook entries.
PI.II.B.K3	Required endorsement of a pilot logbook for the satisfactory completion of an instrument proficiency check.
PI.II.B.K4	Required flight instructor records.
PI.II.B.K5	Flight instructor renewal and reinstatement requirements.
PI.II.B.R1	Endorsements without appropriate limitations or expiration dates.
PI.II.B.S1	Describe and prepare logbook entries/endorsements required for at least two of the events specified in the elements or sub-elements of K1 through K5.
PI.II.C.K1	The general operational characteristics and limitations of applicable anti-icing and deicing systems, including airframe, rotor, intake, fuel, and pitot-static systems.
PI.II.C.K2	Flight control systems.
PI.II.C.R1	Operations in icing conditions.
PI.II.C.R2	Limitations of anti-icing and deicing systems.
PI.II.C.R3	Use of automated systems in instrument conditions.
PI.II.C.S1	Demonstrate familiarity with anti- or de-icing procedures or information published by the manufacturer specific to the aircraft used on the practical test.
PI.II.C.S2	Demonstrate familiarity with the automatic flight control system (AFCS) procedures or information published by the manufacturer specific to the aircraft used on the practical test, if applicable.
PI.II.D.K1	Operation of the aircraft's applicable flight instrument system(s), including:
PI.II.D.K1a	a. Pitot-static instrument system and associated instruments
PI.II.D.K1b	b. Gyroscopic/electric/vacuum instrument system and associated instruments
PI.II.D.K1c	c. Electrical systems, electronic flight instrument displays [primary flight display (PFD), multi- function display (MFD)], transponder and automatic dependent surveillance - broadcast (ADS-B)
PI.II.D.K1d	d. Magnetic compass
PI.II.D.K2	Operation of the aircraft's applicable navigation system(s), including:
PI.II.D.K2a	a. Very high frequency (VHF) Omnidirectional Range (VOR), distance measuring equipment (DME), instrument landing system (ILS), marker beacon receiver/indicators
PI.II.D.K2b	b. Area navigation (RNAV), global positioning system (GPS), Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), flight management system (FMS), autopilot
PI.II.D.K3	Use of an electronic flight bag (EFB), if used.
PI.II.D.R1	Management of automated navigation and autoflight systems.
PI.II.D.R2	Difference between approved and non-approved navigation devices.
PI.II.D.R3	Common failure modes of flight and navigation instruments.
PI.II.D.R4	Use of an electronic flight bag.
PI.II.D.R5	Use of navigation databases.
PI.II.D.S1	Teach at least one of the elements or sub-elements listed in K1 through K3.
PI.II.D.S2	Operate and manage an applicant supplied electronic flight bag (EFB), if used.
PI.II.E.K1	14 CFR parts 1, 61, 91, 95, and 97.
PI.II.E.K2	49 CFR part 830.
PI.II.E.K3	Advisory Circulars, INFOs, and SAFOs.
PI.II.E.K4	Airman Certification Standards.
PI.II.E.K5	Flight manuals.
PI.II.E.K6	Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM).
PI.II.E.K7	IFR Navigation Charts.
PI.II.E.R1	Use of expired charts, manuals, or publications without current updates.
PI.II.E.S1	Teach at least one of the elements listed in K1 through K7.
PI.III.A.K1	Sources of weather data (e.g., National Weather Service, Flight Service) for flight planning purposes.
PI.III.A.K2	Acceptable weather products and resources required for preflight planning, current and forecast weather for departure, en route, and arrival phases of flight such as:
PI.III.A.K2a	a. Airport Observations (METAR and SPECI) and Pilot Observations (PIREP)
PI.III.A.K2b	b. Surface Analysis Chart, Ceiling and Visibility Chart (CVA)
PI.III.A.K2c	c. Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts (TAF)
PI.III.A.K2d	d. Graphical Forecasts for Aviation (GFA)
PI.III.A.K2e	e. Wind and Temperature Aloft Forecast (FB)
PI.III.A.K2f	f. Convective Outlook (AC)
PI.III.A.K2g	g. Inflight Aviation Weather Advisories including Airmen's Meteorological Information (AIRMET), Significant Meteorological Information (SIGMET), and Convective SIGMET
PI.III.A.K3	Meteorology applicable to the departure, en route, alternate, and destination for flights conducted under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) to include expected climate and hazardous conditions such as:
PI.III.A.K3a	a. Atmospheric composition and stability
PI.III.A.K3b	b. Wind (e.g., windshear, mountain wave, factors affecting wind, etc.)
PI.III.A.K3c	c. Temperature and heat exchange
PI.III.A.K3d	d. Moisture/precipitation
PI.III.A.K3e	e. Weather system formation, including air masses and fronts
PI.III.A.K3f	f. Clouds
PI.III.A.K3g	g. Turbulence
PI.III.A.K3h	h. Thunderstorms and microbursts
PI.III.A.K3i	i. Icing and freezing level information
PI.III.A.K3j	j. Fog/mist
PI.III.A.K3k	k. Frost
PI.III.A.K3l	l. Obstructions to visibility (e.g., smoke, haze, volcanic ash, etc.)
PI.III.A.K4	Flight deck instrument displays of digital weather and aeronautical information.
PI.III.A.R1	Making the go/no-go and continue/divert decisions, including:
PI.III.A.R1a	a. Circumstances that would make diversion prudent
PI.III.A.R1b	b. Personal weather minimums
PI.III.A.R1c	c. Hazardous weather conditions, including known or forecast icing or turbulence aloft
PI.III.A.R2	Use and limitations of:
PI.III.A.R2a	a. Installed onboard weather equipment
PI.III.A.R2b	b. Aviation weather reports and forecasts
PI.III.A.R2c	c. Inflight weather resources
PI.III.A.S1	Use available aviation weather resources to obtain an adequate weather briefing.
PI.III.A.S2	Analyze the implications of at least three of the conditions listed in K3a through K3l, using actual weather or weather conditions provided by the evaluator.
PI.III.A.S3	Correlate weather information to make a go/no-go decision.
PI.III.A.S4	Determine whether an alternate airport is required, and, if required, whether the selected alternate airport meets regulatory requirements.
PI.III.B.K1	Route planning, including consideration of:
PI.III.B.K1a	a. Available navigational facilities
PI.III.B.K1b	b. Special use airspace
PI.III.B.K1c	c. Preferred routes
PI.III.B.K1d	d. Primary and alternate airports
PI.III.B.K1e	e. Enroute charts
PI.III.B.K1f	f. Chart Supplements
PI.III.B.K1g	g. NOTAMS
PI.III.B.K1h	h. Terminal Procedures Publications (TPP)
PI.III.B.K2	Altitude selection accounting for terrain and obstacles, IFR cruising altitudes, and effect of wind and oxygen requirements.
PI.III.B.K3	Calculating:
PI.III.B.K3a	a. Time, climb and descent rates, course, distance, heading, true airspeed, and groundspeed
PI.III.B.K3b	b. Estimated time of arrival, including conversion to universal coordinated time (UTC)
PI.III.B.K3c	c. Fuel requirements, including reserve
PI.III.B.K4	Elements of an IFR flight plan.
PI.III.B.K5	Procedures for activating and closing an IFR flight plan in controlled and uncontrolled airspace.
PI.III.B.R1	Pilot.
PI.III.B.R2	Aircraft.
PI.III.B.R3	Environment (e.g., weather, icing, airports/heliports/helipads/landing areas, airspace, terrain, obstacles).
PI.III.B.R4	External pressures.
PI.III.B.R5	Limitations of air traffic control (ATC) services.
PI.III.B.R6	Limitations of electronic planning applications and programs.
PI.III.B.R7	Fuel planning.
PI.III.B.S1	Prepare, present, and explain a cross-country flight plan assigned by the evaluator including a risk analysis based on real time weather, which includes calculating time en route and fuel considering factors such as power settings, operating altitude, wind, fuel reserve requirements, and weight and balance requirements.
PI.III.B.S2	Recalculate fuel reserves based on a scenario provided by the evaluator.
PI.III.B.S3	Create a navigation plan and simulate filing an IFR flight plan.
PI.III.B.S4	Interpret departure, arrival, en route, and approach procedures with reference to appropriate and current charts.
PI.III.B.S5	Recognize simulated wing or thrust component contamination due to airframe icing and demonstrate knowledge of adverse effects of airframe icing during pre-takeoff, takeoff, cruise, and landing phases of flight as well as the corrective actions.
PI.III.B.S6	Apply pertinent information from appropriate and current aeronautical charts, Chart Supplements; Notices to Air Missions (NOTAMs) relative to airport, runway and taxiway closures; and other flight publications.
PI.III.C.K1	Purpose of performing an instrument flight deck check and how to detect possible defects.
PI.III.C.K2	IFR airworthiness, including aircraft inspection requirements and required equipment for IFR flight.
PI.III.C.K3	Required procedures, documentation, and limitations of flying with inoperative equipment.
PI.III.C.K4	Common errors related to this Task.
PI.III.C.R1	Operating with inoperative equipment.
PI.III.C.R2	Operating with outdated navigation publications or databases.
PI.III.C.S1	Perform preflight inspection by following the checklist appropriate to the aircraft and determine if the aircraft is in a condition for safe instrument flight.
PI.III.C.S2	Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
PI.IV.A.K1	Purpose of the maneuver.
PI.IV.A.K2	Elements of the maneuver and the associated common errors.
PI.IV.A.K3	Desired outcome(s), including completion standards.
PI.IV.A.R1	The selected maneuver Task.
PI.IV.A.S1	Deliver instruction on the selected maneuver using a lesson plan, teaching methods, and teaching aids, as appropriate, that incorporate K1 through K3.
PI.V.A.K1	Elements and procedures related to ATC clearances and pilot/controller responsibilities for departure, en route, and arrival phases of flight, including clearance void times.
PI.V.A.K2	Pilot-in-Command (PIC) emergency authority.
PI.V.A.K3	Lost communication procedures and procedures for flights outside of radar environments.
PI.V.A.K4	Common errors related to this Task.
PI.V.A.R1	Less than full understanding of an ATC clearance.
PI.V.A.R2	Inappropriate, incomplete, or incorrect ATC clearances.
PI.V.A.R3	ATC clearance inconsistent with aircraft performance or navigation capability.
PI.V.A.R4	ATC clearance intended for other aircraft with similar call signs.
PI.V.A.S1	Correctly copy, read back, interpret, and comply with simulated or actual ATC clearances in a timely manner using standard phraseology as provided in the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM).
PI.V.A.S2	Correctly set communication frequencies, navigation systems (identifying when appropriate), and transponder codes in compliance with the ATC clearance.
PI.V.A.S3	Use the current and appropriate paper or electronic navigation publications.
PI.V.A.S4	Intercept all courses, radials, and bearings appropriate to the procedure, route, or clearance in a timely manner.
PI.V.A.S5	Maintain the applicable airspeed ±10 knots, headings ±10°, altitude ±100 feet; track a course, radial, or bearing within 3/4-scale deflection of the course deviation indicator (CDI).
PI.V.A.S6	Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
PI.V.A.S7	Perform the appropriate checklist items relative to the phase of flight.
PI.V.A.S8	Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
PI.V.B.K1	Elements related to holding procedures, including reporting criteria, appropriate speeds, and recommended entry procedures for standard, nonstandard, published, and non-published holding patterns.
PI.V.B.K2	Common errors related to this Task.
PI.V.B.R1	Recalculating fuel reserves if assigned an unanticipated expect further clearance (EFC) time.
PI.V.B.R2	Scenarios and circumstances that could result in minimum fuel or the need to declare an emergency.
PI.V.B.R3	Scenarios that could lead to holding, including deteriorating weather at the planned destination.
PI.V.B.R4	Holding entry and wind correction while holding.
PI.V.B.S1	Use an entry procedure appropriate for a standard, nonstandard, published, or non-published holding pattern.
PI.V.B.S2	Change to the holding airspeed appropriate for the altitude when 3 minutes or less from, but prior to arriving at, the holding fix and set appropriate power as needed for fuel conservation.
PI.V.B.S3	Recognize arrival at the holding fix and promptly initiate entry into the holding pattern.
PI.V.B.S4	Maintain airspeed ±10 knots, altitude ±100 feet, selected headings within ±10°, and track a selected course, radial, or bearing within 3/4-scale deflection of the course deviation indicator (CDI).
PI.V.B.S5	Comply with the holding pattern leg length and other restrictions, if applicable, associated with the holding pattern.
PI.V.B.S6	Use proper wind correction procedures to maintain the desired pattern and to arrive over the fix as close as possible to a specified time.
PI.V.B.S7	Use a multi-function display (MFD) and other graphical navigation displays, if installed, to monitor position in relation to the desired flightpath during holding.
PI.V.B.S8	Comply with ATC reporting requirements and restrictions associated with the holding pattern.
PI.V.B.S9	Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
PI.V.B.S10	Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
PI.VI.A.K1	Elements related to attitude instrument flying during straight-and-level flight.
PI.VI.A.K2	The relationship of pitch, bank, power, and configuration in straight-and-level flight.
PI.VI.A.K3	Interpretation, operation, and limitations of pitch, bank, and power instruments, using full panel and partial panel.
PI.VI.A.K4	Normal and abnormal instrument indications, interpretations, and operations.
PI.VI.A.K5	Instrument cross-check techniques.
PI.VI.A.K6	Common errors related to this Task.
PI.VI.A.R1	Fixation and omission.
PI.VI.A.R2	Instrument Interpretation.
PI.VI.A.R3	Control application solely by reference to instruments.
PI.VI.A.R4	Aircraft coordination.
PI.VI.A.R5	Situations that can affect physiology and degrade instrument cross-check.
PI.VI.A.R6	Flying unfamiliar aircraft or operating with unfamiliar flight display systems and avionics.
PI.VI.A.R7	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PI.VI.A.S1	Use proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and apply the appropriate pitch, bank, power, configuration, and trim corrections when applicable.
PI.VI.A.S2	Maintain straight-and-level flight using instrument cross-check and interpretation and coordinated control application.
PI.VI.A.S3	Maintain altitude ±100 feet, heading ±10°, and airspeed ±10 knots.
PI.VI.A.S4	Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
PI.VI.B.K1	Elements related to attitude instrument flying during a standard rate turn.
PI.VI.B.K2	The relationship of pitch, bank, power, and configuration to a standard rate turn.
PI.VI.B.K3	Full and partial panel procedures for a constant rate turn, including the performance of a half-standard rate turn.
PI.VI.B.K4	Normal and abnormal instrument indications, interpretations, and operations.
PI.VI.B.K5	Instrument cross-check techniques.
PI.VI.B.K6	Common errors related to this Task.
PI.VI.B.R1	Fixation and omission.
PI.VI.B.R2	Instrument Interpretation.
PI.VI.B.R3	Control application solely by reference to instruments.
PI.VI.B.R4	Aircraft coordination.
PI.VI.B.R5	Situations that can affect physiology and degrade instrument cross-check.
PI.VI.B.R6	Flying unfamiliar aircraft or operating with unfamiliar flight display systems and avionics.
PI.VI.B.R7	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PI.VI.B.S1	Use proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and apply the appropriate pitch, bank, power, configuration, and trim corrections when applicable.
PI.VI.B.S2	Maintain turns using instrument cross-check and interpretation and coordinated control application.
PI.VI.B.S3	Maintain altitude ±100 feet, maintain a standard rate turn, roll out on the assigned heading ±10°, and maintain airspeed ±10 knots.
PI.VI.B.S4	Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
PI.VI.C.K1	Elements related to attitude instrument flying while maintaining altitude during change of airspeed in straight-and-level and turning flight.
PI.VI.C.K2	The relationship of pitch, bank, power, and configuration in straight-and-level and turning flight.
PI.VI.C.K3	Full and partial panel procedures for change of airspeed in straight-and-level and turning flight.
PI.VI.C.K4	Normal and abnormal instrument indications, interpretations, and operations.
PI.VI.C.K5	Instrument cross-check techniques.
PI.VI.C.K6	Common errors related to this Task.
PI.VI.C.R1	Fixation and omission.
PI.VI.C.R2	Instrument Interpretation.
PI.VI.C.R3	Control application solely by reference to instruments.
PI.VI.C.R4	Aircraft coordination.
PI.VI.C.R5	Situations that can affect physiology and degrade instrument cross-check.
PI.VI.C.R6	Flying unfamiliar aircraft or operating with unfamiliar flight display systems and avionics.
PI.VI.C.R7	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PI.VI.C.S1	Use proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and apply the appropriate pitch, bank, power, configuration, and trim corrections when applicable.
PI.VI.C.S2	Maintain change of airspeed in straight-and-level and turning flight using instrument cross-check and interpretation and coordinated control application.
PI.VI.C.S3	Maintain altitude ±100 feet, maintain a standard rate turn, roll out on the assigned heading ±10°, and obtain the desired airspeed ±10 knots.
PI.VI.C.S4	Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
PI.VI.D.K1	Elements related to attitude instrument flying during constant airspeed climbs and descents.
PI.VI.D.K2	The relationship of pitch, bank, power, and configuration in constant airspeed climbs and descents including turns.
PI.VI.D.K3	Flight control inputs to maintain a constant airspeed in a straight or turning climb or descent using full and partial panel procedures.
PI.VI.D.K4	Normal and abnormal instrument indications, interpretations, and operations.
PI.VI.D.K5	Instrument cross-check techniques.
PI.VI.D.K6	Common errors related to this Task.
PI.VI.D.R1	Fixation and omission.
PI.VI.D.R2	Instrument Interpretation.
PI.VI.D.R3	Aircraft coordination.
PI.VI.D.R4	Situations that can affect physiology and degrade instrument cross-check.
PI.VI.D.R5	Flying unfamiliar aircraft or operating with unfamiliar flight display systems and avionics.
PI.VI.D.R6	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PI.VI.D.R7	Control application solely by reference to instruments.
PI.VI.D.S1	Use proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and apply the appropriate pitch, bank, power, configuration, and trim corrections when applicable.
PI.VI.D.S2	Conduct a straight climb or descent, from either cruising, climbing, or descending airspeed, maintain heading ±10°.
PI.VI.D.S3	Level off at the assigned altitude and maintain altitude ±100 feet.
PI.VI.D.S4	Roll out on the assigned heading ±10°upon completion of the turn.
PI.VI.D.S5	Maintain airspeed ±10 knots during the maneuver.
PI.VI.D.S6	Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
PI.VI.E.K1	Elements related to attitude instrument flying during constant rate climbs and descents.
PI.VI.E.K2	The relationship of pitch, bank, power, and configuration in constant rate climbs and descents including turns.
PI.VI.E.K3	Flight control inputs to maintain a constant rate in a straight or turning climb or descent using full and partial panel procedures.
PI.VI.E.K4	Normal and abnormal instrument indications, interpretations, and operations.
PI.VI.E.K5	Instrument cross-check techniques.
PI.VI.E.K6	Common errors related to this Task.
PI.VI.E.R1	Fixation and omission.
PI.VI.E.R2	Instrument Interpretation.
PI.VI.E.R3	Aircraft coordination.
PI.VI.E.R4	Situations that can affect physiology and degrade instrument cross-check.
PI.VI.E.R5	Flying unfamiliar aircraft or operating with unfamiliar flight display systems and avionics.
PI.VI.E.R6	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PI.VI.E.R7	Control application solely by reference to instruments.
PI.VI.E.S1	Use proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and apply the appropriate pitch, bank, power, configuration, and trim corrections when applicable.
PI.VI.E.S2	Conduct a constant rate straight climb or descent, from either cruising, climbing, or descending airspeed, maintain heading ±10°.
PI.VI.E.S3	Roll out on the assigned heading ±10°upon completion of the turn.
PI.VI.E.S4	Maintain airspeed ±10 knots during the maneuver.
PI.VI.E.S5	Level off at the assigned altitude and maintain altitude ±100 feet.
PI.VI.E.S6	Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
PI.VI.F.K1	Elements related to attitude instrument flying during timed turns to magnetic compass headings, including operating characteristics and errors of the magnetic compass.
PI.VI.F.K2	The relationship of pitch, bank, and power during timed turns to magnetic compass headings.
PI.VI.F.K3	Full and partial panel procedures for timed turns to specified magnetic compass headings.
PI.VI.F.K4	Normal and abnormal instrument indications and operations.
PI.VI.F.K5	Instrument cross-check techniques.
PI.VI.F.K6	Common errors related to this Task.
PI.VI.F.R1	Fixation and omission.
PI.VI.F.R2	Instrument Interpretation.
PI.VI.F.R3	Aircraft coordination.
PI.VI.F.R4	Situations that can affect physiology and degrade instrument cross-check.
PI.VI.F.R5	Flying unfamiliar aircraft or operating with unfamiliar flight display systems and avionics.
PI.VI.F.R6	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PI.VI.F.R7	Control application solely by reference to instruments.
PI.VI.F.S1	Use proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and apply the appropriate pitch, bank, power, configuration, and trim corrections when applicable.
PI.VI.F.S2	Complete timed turns to specific magnetic compass headings using instrument cross-check and interpretation and coordinated control application.
PI.VI.F.S3	Maintain altitude ±100 feet, maintain a standard rate turn, roll out on the assigned heading ±10°, and obtain the desired airspeed ±10 knots.
PI.VI.F.S4	Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
PI.VI.G.K1	Elements related to attitude instrument flying during steep turns.
PI.VI.G.K2	The relationship of pitch, bank, power, and configuration during steep turns.
PI.VI.G.K3	Full and partial panel procedures for entry and completion of steep turns.
PI.VI.G.K4	Normal and abnormal instrument indications and operations.
PI.VI.G.K5	Instrument cross-check techniques.
PI.VI.G.K6	Common errors related to this Task.
PI.VI.G.R1	Fixation and omission.
PI.VI.G.R2	Instrument Interpretation.
PI.VI.G.R3	Control application solely by reference to instruments.
PI.VI.G.R4	Aircraft coordination.
PI.VI.G.R5	Situations that can affect physiology and degrade instrument cross-check.
PI.VI.G.R6	Flying unfamiliar aircraft or operating with unfamiliar flight display systems and avionics.
PI.VI.G.R7	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PI.VI.G.S1	Use proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and apply the appropriate pitch, bank, power, configuration, and trim corrections when applicable.
PI.VI.G.S2	Demonstrates and simultaneously explains steep turns from an instructional standpoint.
PI.VI.G.S3	Establish the manufacturer's recommended airspeed; or if one is not available, an airspeed not to exceed maneuvering speed (VA).
PI.VI.G.S4	Conduct an Instrument cross check using full and/or partial panel instruments.
PI.VI.G.S5	Perform the Task in the opposite direction.
PI.VI.G.S6	Maintain the entry altitude ±100 feet, airspeed ±10 knots, bank ±5°, and roll out on the entry heading ±10°.
PI.VI.G.S7	Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
PI.VI.H.K1	Prevention of unusual attitudes, including flight causal, physiological, and environmental factors, and system and equipment failures.
PI.VI.H.K2	Full panel and partial panel procedures for recovery from unusual attitudes in flight.
PI.VI.H.K3	Procedures available to safely regain visual meteorological conditions (VMC) after flight into inadvertent instrument meteorological conditions or unintended instrument meteorological conditions (IIMC)/(UIMC).
PI.VI.H.K4	Appropriate use of automation, if applicable.
PI.VI.H.K5	Common errors related to this Task.
PI.VI.H.R1	Situations that could lead to loss of control in-flight (LOC-I) or unusual attitudes in-flight (e.g., stress, task saturation, inadequate instrument scan distractions, and spatial disorientation).
PI.VI.H.R2	Assessment of the unusual attitude.
PI.VI.H.R3	Control input errors, inducing undesired aircraft attitudes.
PI.VI.H.R4	Collision hazards.
PI.VI.H.R5	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PI.VI.H.R6	Interpreting flight instruments.
PI.VI.H.R7	Control application solely by reference to instruments.
PI.VI.H.R8	Operating envelope considerations.
PI.VI.H.S1	Use proper instrument cross-check and interpretation to identify an unusual attitude (including both nose-high and nose-low) in flight, and apply the appropriate flight control, power input, and aircraft configuration in the correct sequence, to return to a stabilized level flight attitude.
PI.VI.H.S2	Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
PI.VI.H.S3	Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
PI.VII.A.K1	Ground-based navigation (orientation, course determination, equipment, tests, and regulations), including procedures for intercepting and tracking courses and arcs.
PI.VII.A.K2	Satellite-based navigation (orientation, course determination, equipment, tests, regulations, interference, appropriate use of databases, Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM), and Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)), including procedures for intercepting and tracking courses and arcs.
PI.VII.A.K3	Common errors related to this Task.
PI.VII.A.R1	Management of automated navigation and autoflight systems.
PI.VII.A.R2	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PI.VII.A.R3	Limitations of the navigation system in use.
PI.VII.A.S1	Tune and identify the navigation facility/program the navigation system and verify system accuracy as appropriate for the equipment installed in the aircraft.
PI.VII.A.S2	Determine aircraft position relative to the navigational facility or waypoint.
PI.VII.A.S3	Set and orient to the course to be intercepted.
PI.VII.A.S4	Intercept the specified course at appropriate angle, inbound to or outbound from a navigational facility or waypoint.
PI.VII.A.S5	Maintain airspeed ±10 knots, altitude ±100 feet, and selected headings ±5°.
PI.VII.A.S6	Apply proper correction to maintain a course, allowing no more than 3/4-scale deflection of the course deviation indicator (CDI). If a distance measuring equipment (DME) arc is selected, maintain that arc ±1 nautical mile.
PI.VII.A.S7	Recognize navigational system or facility failure, and when required, report the failure to air traffic control (ATC).
PI.VII.A.S8	Use a multi-function display (MFD) and other graphical navigation displays, if installed, to monitor position, track wind drift, and to maintain situational awareness.
PI.VII.A.S9	At the discretion of the evaluator, use the autopilot to make appropriate course intercepts, if installed.
PI.VII.A.S10	Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
PI.VII.A.S11	Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
PI.VII.B.K1	Elements related to ATC routes, including departure procedures (DPs) and associated climb gradients; standard terminal arrival (STAR) procedures and associated constraints.
PI.VII.B.K2	Pilot/controller responsibilities, communication procedures, and ATC services available to pilots.
PI.VII.B.K3	Common errors related to this Task.
PI.VII.B.R1	ATC communications and compliance with published procedures.
PI.VII.B.R2	Limitations of traffic avoidance equipment.
PI.VII.B.R3	Responsibility to use "see and avoid" techniques when possible.
PI.VII.B.S1	Select, identify (as necessary) and use the appropriate communication and navigation facilities associated with the proposed flight.
PI.VII.B.S2	Perform the appropriate checklist items relative to the phase of flight.
PI.VII.B.S3	Use the current and appropriate paper or electronic navigation publications.
PI.VII.B.S4	Establish two-way communications with the proper controlling agency, use proper phraseology, and comply in a timely manner with all ATC instructions and airspace restrictions.
PI.VII.B.S5	Intercept all courses, radials, and bearings appropriate to the procedure, route, or clearance in a timely manner.
PI.VII.B.S6	Comply with all applicable charted procedures.
PI.VII.B.S7	Maintain airspeed ±10 knots, altitude ±100 feet, and selected headings ±10°, and apply proper correction to maintain a course allowing no more than 3/4-scale deflection of the course deviation indicator (CDI).
PI.VII.B.S8	Update/interpret weather in flight.
PI.VII.B.S9	Use displays of digital weather and aeronautical information, as applicable to maintain situational awareness.
PI.VII.B.S10	Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
PI.VII.B.S11	Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
PI.VIII.A.K1	Procedures and limitations associated with a non-precision approach, including the differences between Localizer Performance (LP) and Lateral Navigation (LNAV) approach guidance.
PI.VIII.A.K2	Navigation system indications and annunciations expected during an area navigation (RNAV) approach.
PI.VIII.A.K3	Ground-based and satellite-based navigation systems used for a non-precision approach.
PI.VIII.A.K4	A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.
PI.VIII.A.K5	Copter Point-in-Space (PinS) approaches.
PI.VIII.A.K6	Common errors related to this Task.
PI.VIII.A.R1	Deviating from the assigned approach procedure.
PI.VIII.A.R2	Selecting a navigation frequency.
PI.VIII.A.R3	Management of automated navigation and autoflight systems.
PI.VIII.A.R4	Aircraft configuration during an approach and missed approach.
PI.VIII.A.R5	An unstable approach, including excessive descent rates.
PI.VIII.A.R6	Deteriorating weather conditions on approach.
PI.VIII.A.R7	Operating below the minimum descent altitude (MDA) without proper visual references.
PI.VIII.A.S1	Accomplish the non-precision instrument approaches selected by the evaluator.
PI.VIII.A.S2	Establish two-way communications with air traffic control (ATC) appropriate for the phase of flight or approach segment, and use proper communication phraseology.
PI.VIII.A.S3	Select, tune, identify, and confirm the operational status of navigation equipment to be used for the approach.
PI.VIII.A.S4	Comply with all clearances issued by ATC or the evaluator.
PI.VIII.A.S5	Recognize if any flight instrumentation is inaccurate or inoperative, and take appropriate action.
PI.VIII.A.S6	Advise ATC or the evaluator if unable to comply with a clearance.
PI.VIII.A.S7	Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PI.VIII.A.S8	Establish the appropriate aircraft configuration and airspeed considering meteorological and operating conditions.
PI.VIII.A.S9	Maintain altitude ±100 feet, selected heading ±10°, airspeed ±10 knots, no more than 3/4 scale CDI deflection, and accurately track radials, courses, or bearings, prior to beginning the final approach segment.
PI.VIII.A.S10	Adjust the published MDA and visibility criteria for the aircraft approach category, as appropriate, for factors that include Notices of Air Missions (NOTAMs), inoperative aircraft or navigation equipment, or inoperative visual aids associated with the landing environment, etc.
PI.VIII.A.S11	Establish a stabilized descent to the appropriate altitude.
PI.VIII.A.S12	For the final approach segment, maintain no more than 3/4 scale CDI deflection, airspeed ±10 knots, and altitude, if applicable, above MDA +100/-0 feet to the Visual Descent Point (VDP) or missed approach point (MAP).
PI.VIII.A.S13	Assess if the required visual references are available, and either initiate the missed approach procedure or continue for landing.
PI.VIII.A.S14	Use a multi-function display (MFD) and other graphical navigation displays, if installed, to monitor position, track wind drift, and to maintain situational awareness.
PI.VIII.A.S15	Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
PI.VIII.A.S16	Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
PI.VIII.B.K1	Procedures and limitations associated with a precision approach, including determining required descent rates and adjusting minimums in the case of inoperative equipment.
PI.VIII.B.K2	Navigation system displays, annunciations, and modes of operation.
PI.VIII.B.K3	Ground-based and satellite-based navigation systems (orientation, course determination, equipment, tests and regulations, interference, appropriate use of navigation data, signal integrity).
PI.VIII.B.K4	A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.
PI.VIII.B.K5	Common errors related to this Task.
PI.VIII.B.R1	Deviating from the assigned approach procedure.
PI.VIII.B.R2	Selecting a navigation frequency.
PI.VIII.B.R3	Management of automated navigation and autoflight systems.
PI.VIII.B.R4	Aircraft configuration during an approach and missed approach.
PI.VIII.B.R5	An unstable approach, including excessive descent rates.
PI.VIII.B.R6	Deteriorating weather conditions on approach.
PI.VIII.B.R7	Continuing to descend below the Decision Altitude (DA)/Decision Height (DH) when the required visual references are not visible.
PI.VIII.B.S1	Accomplish the precision instrument approach(es) selected by the evaluator.
PI.VIII.B.S2	Establish two-way communications with air traffic control (ATC) appropriate for the phase of flight or approach segment, and use proper communication phraseology.
PI.VIII.B.S3	Select, tune, identify, and confirm the operational status of navigation equipment to be used for the approach.
PI.VIII.B.S4	Comply with all clearances issued by ATC or the evaluator.
PI.VIII.B.S5	Recognize if any flight instrumentation is inaccurate or inoperative, and take appropriate action.
PI.VIII.B.S6	Advise ATC or the evaluator if unable to comply with a clearance.
PI.VIII.B.S7	Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PI.VIII.B.S8	Establish the appropriate aircraft configuration and airspeed considering meteorological and operating conditions.
PI.VIII.B.S9	Maintain altitude ±100 feet, selected heading ±10°, airspeed ±10 knots, no more than 3/4 scale CDI deflection, and accurately track radials, courses, or bearings, prior to beginning the final approach segment.
PI.VIII.B.S10	Adjust the published DA/DH and visibility criteria for the aircraft approach category, as appropriate, to account for NOTAMS, inoperative aircraft or navigation equipment, or inoperative visual aids associated with the landing environment.
PI.VIII.B.S11	Establish a predetermined rate of descent at the point where vertical guidance begins, which approximates that required for the aircraft to follow the vertical guidance.
PI.VIII.B.S12	Maintain a stabilized final approach from the final approach fix (FAF) to DA/DH allowing no more than 3/4-scale deflection of either the vertical or lateral guidance indications, and maintain the desired airspeed ±10 knots.
PI.VIII.B.S13	Immediately initiate the missed approach procedure when at the DA/DH, and the required visual references for the runway are not unmistakably visible and identifiable.
PI.VIII.B.S14	Transition to a normal landing approach only when the aircraft is in a position from which a descent to a landing on the runway, or to a heliport, can be made at a normal rate of descent using normal maneuvering.
PI.VIII.B.S15	Maintain a stabilized visual flight path from the DA/DH to the runway aiming point or descend visually to a suitable touchdown point not aligned with the instrument runway final course, as directed by the evaluator.
PI.VIII.B.S16	Use a multi-function display (MFD) and other graphical navigation displays, if installed, to monitor position, track wind drift, and to maintain situational awareness.
PI.VIII.B.S17	Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
PI.VIII.B.S18	Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
PI.VIII.C.K1	Elements related to missed approach procedures and limitations associated with standard instrument approaches, including while using a flight management system (FMS) or autopilot, if equipped.
PI.VIII.C.K2	Common errors related to this Task.
PI.VIII.C.R1	Deviations from prescribed procedures or ATC instructions.
PI.VIII.C.R2	Holding, diverting, or electing to fly the approach again.
PI.VIII.C.R3	Aircraft configuration during an approach and missed approach.
PI.VIII.C.R4	Factors that might lead to executing a missed approach procedure before the MAP or to a go-around below DA, DH, or MDA, as applicable.
PI.VIII.C.R5	Management of automated navigation and autoflight systems.
PI.VIII.C.S1	Promptly initiate the missed approach procedure and report it to ATC.
PI.VIII.C.S2	Apply the appropriate power setting and aircraft configuration for the flight conditions to obtain the desired performance.
PI.VIII.C.S3	Comply with the published or alternate missed approach procedure.
PI.VIII.C.S4	Advise ATC or the evaluator if unable to comply with a clearance, restriction, or climb gradient.
PI.VIII.C.S5	Follow the recommended checklist items appropriate to the missed approach/go-around procedure.
PI.VIII.C.S6	Maintain the recommended airspeed ±10 knots; heading, course, or bearing ±10°; and altitude(s) ±100 feet during the missed approach procedure.
PI.VIII.C.S7	Use an MFD and other graphical navigation displays, if installed, to monitor position and track to help navigate the missed approach.
PI.VIII.C.S8	Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
PI.VIII.C.S9	Request ATC clearance to attempt another approach, proceed to the alternate airport, holding fix, or other clearance limit, as appropriate, or as directed by the evaluator.
PI.VIII.C.S10	Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
PI.VIII.D.K1	Elements related to circling approach procedures and limitations, including approach categories and related airspeed restrictions.
PI.VIII.D.K2	Common errors related to this Task.
PI.VIII.D.R1	Prescribed circling approach procedures.
PI.VIII.D.R2	Executing a circling approach at night or with marginal visibility.
PI.VIII.D.R3	Losing visual contact with an identifiable part of the airport.
PI.VIII.D.R4	Management of automated navigation and autoflight systems.
PI.VIII.D.R5	Management of altitude, airspeed, or distance while circling.
PI.VIII.D.R6	Collision hazards.
PI.VIII.D.R7	Executing a missed approach after the MAP while circling.
PI.VIII.D.S1	Comply with the circling approach procedure considering turbulence, windshear, and the maneuvering capability and approach category of the aircraft.
PI.VIII.D.S2	Confirm the direction of traffic and adhere to all restrictions and instructions issued by ATC or the evaluator.
PI.VIII.D.S3	Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
PI.VIII.D.S4	Establish the approach and landing configuration. Maintain a stabilized approach and a descent rate that ensures arrival at the MDA, or the preselected circling altitude above the MDA, prior to the missed approach point.
PI.VIII.D.S5	Maintain airspeed ±10 knots, desired heading/track ±10°, and altitude +100/-0 feet until descending below the MDA or the preselected circling altitude above the MDA.
PI.VIII.D.S6	Visually maneuver to a base or downwind leg appropriate for the landing runway and environmental conditions.
PI.VIII.D.S7	If a missed approach occurs, turn in the appropriate direction using the correct procedure and appropriately configure the aircraft.
PI.VIII.D.S8	If landing, initiate a stabilized descent. Touch down on the first one-third of the selected runway without excessive maneuvering, without exceeding the normal operating limits of the aircraft, and without exceeding 30° of bank.
PI.VIII.D.S9	Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
PI.VIII.E.K1	Elements related to the pilot's responsibilities, and the environmental, operational, and meteorological factors that affect landing from a straight-in or circling approach.
PI.VIII.E.K2	Airport signs, markings, and lighting, including approach lighting systems.
PI.VIII.E.K3	Appropriate landing profiles and aircraft configurations.
PI.VIII.E.K4	Common errors related to this Task.
PI.VIII.E.R1	Attempting to land from an unstable approach.
PI.VIII.E.R2	Flying below the glidepath.
PI.VIII.E.R3	Transitioning from instrument to visual references for landing.
PI.VIII.E.R4	Aircraft configuration for landing.
PI.VIII.E.S1	Transition at the DA/DH, MDA, or visual descent point (VDP) to a visual flight condition, allowing for safe visual maneuvering and a normal landing.
PI.VIII.E.S2	Adhere to all ATC or evaluator advisories, such as NOTAMs, windshear, wake turbulence, runway surface, and other operational considerations.
PI.VIII.E.S3	Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PI.VIII.E.S4	Maintain positive aircraft control throughout the landing maneuver.
PI.VIII.E.S5	Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
PI.VIII.E.S6	Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
PI.IX.A.K1	Procedures to follow in the event of lost communication during various phases of flight, including techniques for reestablishing communications, when it is acceptable to deviate from an instrument flight rules (IFR) clearance, and when to begin an approach at the destination.
PI.IX.A.K2	Common errors related to this Task.
PI.IX.A.R1	Possible reasons for loss of communication.
PI.IX.A.R2	Deviation from procedures for lost communications.
PI.IX.A.S1	Recognize a simulated loss of communication.
PI.IX.A.S2	Simulate actions to re-establish communication.
PI.IX.A.S3	Determine whether to continue to flight plan destination or deviate.
PI.IX.A.S4	Determine appropriate time to begin an approach.
PI.IX.A.S5	Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
PI.IX.A.S6	Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
PI.IX.B.K1	Procedures used if powerplant(s) fail during straight-and-level flight and turns while on instruments.
PI.IX.B.K2	Common errors related to this Task.
PI.IX.B.R1	Identification of the inoperative powerplant(s).
PI.IX.B.R2	Inability to climb or maintain altitude with any inoperative powerplant(s).
PI.IX.B.R3	Collision hazards.
PI.IX.B.R4	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PI.IX.B.R5	Fuel management.
PI.IX.B.R6	Configuring the aircraft.
PI.IX.B.S1	Promptly recognize powerplant(s) failure and maintain positive aircraft control.
PI.IX.B.S2	Establish the best inoperative powerplant(s) aircraft configuration.
PI.IX.B.S3	Use flight controls and configure the aircraft as required to maintain best performance or as recommended by the manufacturer.
PI.IX.B.S4	Verify the prescribed checklist procedures used for securing any inoperative powerplant(s).
PI.IX.B.S5	Attempt to determine and resolve the reason for the powerplant(s) failure.
PI.IX.B.S6	Monitor powerplant functions and make necessary adjustments.
PI.IX.B.S7	Maintain the specified altitude ±100 feet or minimum sink rate if applicable, airspeed ±10 knots, and the specified heading ±10°.
PI.IX.B.S8	Assess the aircraft's performance capability and decide an appropriate action to ensure a safe landing.
PI.IX.B.S9	Maintain control and fly within the aircraft's operating limitations.
PI.IX.B.S10	Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
PI.IX.B.S11	Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
PI.IX.C.K1	Instrument approach procedures with any powerplant(s) inoperative.
PI.IX.C.K2	Common errors related to this Task.
PI.IX.C.R1	Potential powerplant(s) failure during approach.
PI.IX.C.R2	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PI.IX.C.R3	Collision hazards.
PI.IX.C.R4	Configuring the aircraft.
PI.IX.C.R5	Performing a go-around/rejected landing with any failed powerplant(s).
PI.IX.C.S1	Promptly recognize powerplant(s) failure and maintain positive aircraft control.
PI.IX.C.S2	Confirm the correct aircraft configuration.
PI.IX.C.S3	Follow the manufacturer's recommended emergency procedures and complete the appropriate checklist.
PI.IX.C.S4	Use flight controls in the proper combination as recommended by the manufacturer.
PI.IX.C.S5	Monitor the operating powerplant(s) and aircraft systems and make adjustments as necessary.
PI.IX.C.S6	Request and follow an actual or a simulated air traffic control (ATC) clearance for an instrument approach.
PI.IX.C.S7	Maintain altitude ±100 feet, airspeed ±10 knots, and selected heading ±10°.
PI.IX.C.S8	Establish a rate of descent that ensures arrival at the minimum descent altitude (MDA) or decision altitude (DA)/decision height (DH) with the aircraft in a position from which a descent to a landing on the intended runway can be made, either straight in or circling as appropriate.
PI.IX.C.S9	On final approach segment, maintain vertical (as applicable) and lateral guidance within 3/4-scale deflection.
PI.IX.C.S10	Maintain aircraft control and fly the aircraft within the powerplant(s) inoperative operating limitations.
PI.IX.C.S11	Comply with the published criteria for the aircraft approach category.
PI.IX.C.S12	Execute a landing.
PI.IX.C.S13	Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PI.IX.C.S14	Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
PI.IX.C.S15	Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
PI.IX.D.K1	Recognizing if primary flight instruments are inaccurate or inoperative, and advising ATC or the evaluator.
PI.IX.D.K2	Possible failure modes of primary instruments and how to correct or minimize the effect of the loss.
PI.IX.D.K3	Common errors related to this Task.
PI.IX.D.R1	Use of secondary flight displays when primary displays have failed.
PI.IX.D.R2	Maintaining aircraft control.
PI.IX.D.R3	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PI.IX.D.S1	Advise ATC or the evaluator if unable to comply with a clearance.
PI.IX.D.S2	Complete a non-precision instrument approach without the use of the primary flight instruments using the skill elements of the non-precision approach Task (see Area of Operation VIII, Task A).
PI.IX.D.S3	Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
PI.IX.D.S4	Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.
PI.X.A.K1	Procedures for documenting in-flight/postflight discrepancies.
PI.X.A.K2	Common errors related to this Task.
PI.X.A.R1	Performance and documentation of postflight inspection and aircraft discrepancies.
PI.X.A.S1	Conduct a postflight inspection and document discrepancies and servicing requirements, if any.
PI.X.A.S2	Analyze and correct common errors related to this Task.