Private Pilot - Airplane (PAR) ACS Codes

All 1192 Private Pilot - Airplane and their official FAA knowledge-area descriptions. These are the codes printed on your Airman Knowledge Test Report for questions you missed. Upload your report to get just your codes as a printable sheet.

Also searched as: PAR.

Code	Task	FAA knowledge area
PA.I.A.K1	Pilot Qualifications	Certification requirements, recent flight experience, and recordkeeping.
PA.I.A.K2	Pilot Qualifications	Privileges and limitations.
PA.I.A.K3	Pilot Qualifications	Medical certificates: class, expiration, privileges, temporary disqualifications.
PA.I.A.K4	Pilot Qualifications	Documents required to exercise private pilot privileges.
PA.I.A.K5	Pilot Qualifications	Part 68 BasicMed privileges and limitations.
PA.I.A.R1	Pilot Qualifications	Proficiency versus currency.
PA.I.A.R2	Pilot Qualifications	Flying unfamiliar aircraft or operating with unfamiliar flight display systems and avionics.
PA.I.A.S1	Pilot Qualifications	Apply requirements to act as pilot-in-command (PIC) under Visual Flight Rules (VFR) in a scenario given by the evaluator.
PA.I.B.K1	Airworthiness Requirements	General airworthiness requirements and compliance for airplanes, including:
PA.I.B.K1a	Airworthiness Requirements	a. Location and expiration dates of required aircraft certificates
PA.I.B.K1b	Airworthiness Requirements	b. Required inspections and airplane logbook documentation
PA.I.B.K1c	Airworthiness Requirements	c. Airworthiness Directives and Special Airworthiness Information Bulletins
PA.I.B.K1d	Airworthiness Requirements	d. Purpose and procedure for obtaining a special flight permit
PA.I.B.K1e	Airworthiness Requirements	e. Owner/Operator and pilot-in-command responsibilities
PA.I.B.K2	Airworthiness Requirements	Pilot-performed preventive maintenance.
PA.I.B.K3	Airworthiness Requirements	Equipment requirements for day and night VFR flight, including:
PA.I.B.K3a	Airworthiness Requirements	a. Flying with inoperative equipment
PA.I.B.K3b	Airworthiness Requirements	b. Using an approved Minimum Equipment List (MEL)
PA.I.B.K3c	Airworthiness Requirements	c. Kinds of Operation Equipment List (KOEL)
PA.I.B.K3d	Airworthiness Requirements	d. Required discrepancy records or placards
PA.I.B.K4	Airworthiness Requirements	Standard and special airworthiness certificates and their associated operational limitations.
PA.I.B.R1	Airworthiness Requirements	Inoperative equipment discovered prior to flight.
PA.I.B.S1	Airworthiness Requirements	Locate and describe airplane airworthiness and registration information.
PA.I.B.S2	Airworthiness Requirements	Determine the airplane is airworthy in the scenario given by the evaluator.
PA.I.B.S3	Airworthiness Requirements	Apply appropriate procedures for operating with inoperative equipment in the scenario given by the evaluator.
PA.I.C.K1	Weather Information	Sources of weather data (e.g., National Weather Service, Flight Service) for flight planning purposes.
PA.I.C.K2	Weather Information	Acceptable weather products and resources required for preflight planning, current and forecast weather for departure, en route, and arrival phases of flight such as:
PA.I.C.K2a	Weather Information	a. Airport Observations (METAR and SPECI) and Pilot Observations (PIREP)
PA.I.C.K2b	Weather Information	b. Surface Analysis Chart, Ceiling and Visibility Chart (CVA)
PA.I.C.K2c	Weather Information	c. Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts (TAF)
PA.I.C.K2d	Weather Information	d. Graphical Forecasts for Aviation (GFA)
PA.I.C.K2e	Weather Information	e. Wind and Temperature Aloft Forecast (FB)
PA.I.C.K2f	Weather Information	f. Convective Outlook (AC)
PA.I.C.K2g	Weather Information	g. Inflight Aviation Weather Advisories including Airmen's Meteorological Information (AIRMET), Significant Meteorological Information (SIGMET), and Convective SIGMET
PA.I.C.K3	Weather Information	Meteorology applicable to the departure, en route, alternate, and destination under visual flight rules (VFR) in Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC), including expected climate and hazardous conditions such as:
PA.I.C.K3a	Weather Information	a. Atmospheric composition and stability
PA.I.C.K3b	Weather Information	b. Wind (e.g., windshear, mountain wave, factors affecting wind, etc.)
PA.I.C.K3c	Weather Information	c. Temperature and heat exchange
PA.I.C.K3d	Weather Information	d. Moisture/precipitation
PA.I.C.K3e	Weather Information	e. Weather system formation, including air masses and fronts
PA.I.C.K3f	Weather Information	f. Clouds
PA.I.C.K3g	Weather Information	g. Turbulence
PA.I.C.K3h	Weather Information	h. Thunderstorms and microbursts
PA.I.C.K3i	Weather Information	i. Icing and freezing level information
PA.I.C.K3j	Weather Information	j. Fog/mist
PA.I.C.K3k	Weather Information	k. Frost
PA.I.C.K3l	Weather Information	l. Obstructions to visibility (e.g., smoke, haze, volcanic ash, etc.)
PA.I.C.K4	Weather Information	Flight deck instrument displays of digital weather and aeronautical information.
PA.I.C.R1	Weather Information	Making the go/no-go and continue/divert decisions, including:
PA.I.C.R1a	Weather Information	a. Circumstances that would make diversion prudent
PA.I.C.R1b	Weather Information	b. Personal weather minimums
PA.I.C.R1c	Weather Information	c. Hazardous weather conditions, including known or forecast icing or turbulence aloft
PA.I.C.R2	Weather Information	Use and limitations of:
PA.I.C.R2a	Weather Information	a. Installed onboard weather equipment
PA.I.C.R2b	Weather Information	b. Aviation weather reports and forecasts
PA.I.C.R2c	Weather Information	c. Inflight weather resources
PA.I.C.S1	Weather Information	Use available aviation weather resources to obtain an adequate weather briefing.
PA.I.C.S2	Weather Information	Analyze the implications of at least three of the conditions listed in K3a through K3l, using actual weather or weather conditions provided by the evaluator.
PA.I.C.S3	Weather Information	Correlate weather information to make a go/no-go decision.
PA.I.D.K1	Cross-Country Flight Planning	Route planning, including consideration of different classes and special use airspace (SUA) and selection of appropriate and available navigation/communication systems and facilities.
PA.I.D.K1a	Cross-Country Flight Planning	a. Use of an electronic flight bag (EFB), if used
PA.I.D.K2	Cross-Country Flight Planning	Altitude selection accounting for terrain and obstacles, glide distance of airplane, VFR cruising altitudes, and effect of wind.
PA.I.D.K3	Cross-Country Flight Planning	Calculating:
PA.I.D.K3a	Cross-Country Flight Planning	a. Time, climb and descent rates, course, distance, heading, true airspeed, and groundspeed
PA.I.D.K3b	Cross-Country Flight Planning	b. Estimated time of arrival, including conversion to universal coordinated time (UTC)
PA.I.D.K3c	Cross-Country Flight Planning	c. Fuel requirements, including reserve
PA.I.D.K4	Cross-Country Flight Planning	Elements of a VFR flight plan.
PA.I.D.K5	Cross-Country Flight Planning	Procedures for filing, activating, and closing a VFR flight plan.
PA.I.D.K6	Cross-Country Flight Planning	Inflight intercept procedures.
PA.I.D.R1	Cross-Country Flight Planning	Pilot.
PA.I.D.R2	Cross-Country Flight Planning	Aircraft.
PA.I.D.R3	Cross-Country Flight Planning	Environment (e.g., weather, airports, airspace, terrain, obstacles).
PA.I.D.R4	Cross-Country Flight Planning	External pressures.
PA.I.D.R5	Cross-Country Flight Planning	Limitations of air traffic control (ATC) services.
PA.I.D.R6	Cross-Country Flight Planning	Fuel planning.
PA.I.D.R7	Cross-Country Flight Planning	Use of an electronic flight bag (EFB), if used.
PA.I.D.S1	Cross-Country Flight Planning	Prepare, present, and explain a cross-country flight plan assigned by the evaluator, including a risk analysis based on real-time weather, to the first fuel stop.
PA.I.D.S2	Cross-Country Flight Planning	Apply pertinent information from appropriate and current aeronautical charts, Chart Supplements; Notices to Air Missions (NOTAMs) relative to airport, runway and taxiway closures; and other flight publications.
PA.I.D.S3	Cross-Country Flight Planning	Create a navigation plan and simulate filing a VFR flight plan.
PA.I.D.S4	Cross-Country Flight Planning	Recalculate fuel reserves based on a scenario provided by the evaluator.
PA.I.D.S5	Cross-Country Flight Planning	Use an electronic flight bag (EFB), if applicable.
PA.I.E.K1	National Airspace System	Airspace classes and associated requirements and limitations.
PA.I.E.K2	National Airspace System	Chart symbols.
PA.I.E.K3	National Airspace System	Special use airspace (SUA), special flight rules areas (SFRA), temporary flight restrictions (TFR), and other airspace areas.
PA.I.E.K4	National Airspace System	Special visual flight rules (VFR) requirements.
PA.I.E.R1	National Airspace System	Various classes and types of airspace.
PA.I.E.S1	National Airspace System	Identify and comply with the requirements for basic VFR weather minimums and flying in particular classes of airspace.
PA.I.E.S2	National Airspace System	Correctly identify airspace and operate in accordance with associated communication and equipment requirements.
PA.I.E.S3	National Airspace System	Identify the requirements for operating in SUA or within a TFR. Identify and comply with special air traffic rules (SATR) and SFRA operations, if applicable.
PA.I.F.K1	Performance and Limitations	Elements related to performance and limitations by explaining the use of charts, tables, and data to determine performance.
PA.I.F.K2	Performance and Limitations	Factors affecting performance, including:
PA.I.F.K2a	Performance and Limitations	a. Atmospheric conditions
PA.I.F.K2b	Performance and Limitations	b. Pilot technique
PA.I.F.K2c	Performance and Limitations	c. Airplane configuration
PA.I.F.K2d	Performance and Limitations	d. Airport environment
PA.I.F.K2e	Performance and Limitations	e. Loading [e.g., center of gravity (CG)]
PA.I.F.K2f	Performance and Limitations	f. Weight and balance
PA.I.F.K3	Performance and Limitations	Aerodynamics.
PA.I.F.R1	Performance and Limitations	Use of performance charts, tables, and data.
PA.I.F.R2	Performance and Limitations	Airplane limitations.
PA.I.F.R3	Performance and Limitations	Possible differences between calculated performance and actual performance.
PA.I.F.S1	Performance and Limitations	Compute the weight and balance, correct out-of-CG loading errors and determine if the weight and balance remains within limits during all phases of flight.
PA.I.F.S2	Performance and Limitations	Use the appropriate airplane performance charts, tables, and data.
PA.I.G.K1	Operation of Systems	Airplane systems, including:
PA.I.G.K1a	Operation of Systems	a. Primary flight controls
PA.I.G.K1b	Operation of Systems	b. Secondary flight controls
PA.I.G.K1c	Operation of Systems	c. Powerplant and propeller
PA.I.G.K1d	Operation of Systems	d. Landing gear
PA.I.G.K1e	Operation of Systems	e. Fuel, oil, and hydraulic
PA.I.G.K1f	Operation of Systems	f. Electrical
PA.I.G.K1g	Operation of Systems	g. Avionics
PA.I.G.K1h	Operation of Systems	h. Pitot-static, vacuum/pressure, and associated flight instruments
PA.I.G.K1i	Operation of Systems	i. Environmental
PA.I.G.K1j	Operation of Systems	j. Deicing and anti-icing
PA.I.G.K1k	Operation of Systems	k. Water rudders (ASES, AMES)
PA.I.G.K1l	Operation of Systems	l. Oxygen system
PA.I.G.K2	Operation of Systems	Indications of and procedures for managing system abnormalities or failures.
PA.I.G.R1	Operation of Systems	Detection of system malfunctions or failures.
PA.I.G.R2	Operation of Systems	Management of a system failure.
PA.I.G.R3	Operation of Systems	Monitoring and management of automated systems.
PA.I.G.S1	Operation of Systems	Operate at least three of the systems listed in K1a through K1l appropriately.
PA.I.G.S2	Operation of Systems	Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.I.H.K1	Human Factors	Symptoms, recognition, causes, effects, and corrective actions associated with aeromedical and physiological issues, including:
PA.I.H.K1a	Human Factors	a. Hypoxia
PA.I.H.K1b	Human Factors	b. Hyperventilation
PA.I.H.K1c	Human Factors	c. Middle ear and sinus problems
PA.I.H.K1d	Human Factors	d. Spatial disorientation
PA.I.H.K1e	Human Factors	e. Motion sickness
PA.I.H.K1f	Human Factors	f. Carbon monoxide poisoning
PA.I.H.K1g	Human Factors	g. Stress
PA.I.H.K1h	Human Factors	h. Fatigue
PA.I.H.K1i	Human Factors	i. Dehydration and nutrition
PA.I.H.K1j	Human Factors	j. Hypothermia
PA.I.H.K1k	Human Factors	k. Optical illusions
PA.I.H.K1l	Human Factors	l. Dissolved nitrogen in the bloodstream after scuba dives
PA.I.H.K2	Human Factors	Regulations regarding use of alcohol and drugs.
PA.I.H.K3	Human Factors	Effects of alcohol, drugs, and over-the-counter medications.
PA.I.H.K4	Human Factors	Aeronautical Decision-Making (ADM) to include using Crew Resource Management (CRM) or Single- Pilot Resource Management (SRM), as appropriate.
PA.I.H.R1	Human Factors	Aeromedical and physiological issues.
PA.I.H.R2	Human Factors	Hazardous attitudes.
PA.I.H.R3	Human Factors	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.I.H.R4	Human Factors	Confirmation and expectation bias.
PA.I.H.S1	Human Factors	Associate the symptoms and effects for at least three of the conditions listed in K1a through K1l with the cause(s) and corrective action(s).
PA.I.H.S2	Human Factors	Perform self-assessment, including fitness for flight and personal minimums, for actual flight or a scenario given by the evaluator.
PA.I.I.K1	Water and Seaplane Characteristics, Seaplane Bases, Maritime Rules, and Aids to Marine	The characteristics of a water surface as affected by features, such as:
PA.I.I.K1a	Water and Seaplane Characteristics, Seaplane Bases, Maritime Rules, and Aids to Marine	a. Size and location
PA.I.I.K1b	Water and Seaplane Characteristics, Seaplane Bases, Maritime Rules, and Aids to Marine	b. Protected and unprotected areas
PA.I.I.K1c	Water and Seaplane Characteristics, Seaplane Bases, Maritime Rules, and Aids to Marine	c. Surface wind
PA.I.I.K1d	Water and Seaplane Characteristics, Seaplane Bases, Maritime Rules, and Aids to Marine	d. Direction and strength of water current
PA.I.I.K1e	Water and Seaplane Characteristics, Seaplane Bases, Maritime Rules, and Aids to Marine	e. Floating and partially submerged debris
PA.I.I.K1f	Water and Seaplane Characteristics, Seaplane Bases, Maritime Rules, and Aids to Marine	f. Sandbars, islands, and shoals
PA.I.I.K1g	Water and Seaplane Characteristics, Seaplane Bases, Maritime Rules, and Aids to Marine	g. Vessel traffic and wakes
PA.I.I.K1h	Water and Seaplane Characteristics, Seaplane Bases, Maritime Rules, and Aids to Marine	h. Other characteristics specific to the area
PA.I.I.K1i	Water and Seaplane Characteristics, Seaplane Bases, Maritime Rules, and Aids to Marine	i. Direction and height of waves
PA.I.I.K2	Water and Seaplane Characteristics, Seaplane Bases, Maritime Rules, and Aids to Marine	Float and hull construction, and its effect on seaplane performance.
PA.I.I.K3	Water and Seaplane Characteristics, Seaplane Bases, Maritime Rules, and Aids to Marine	Causes of porpoising and skipping, and the pilot action needed to prevent or correct these occurrences.
PA.I.I.K4	Water and Seaplane Characteristics, Seaplane Bases, Maritime Rules, and Aids to Marine	How to locate and identify seaplane bases on charts or in directories.
PA.I.I.K5	Water and Seaplane Characteristics, Seaplane Bases, Maritime Rules, and Aids to Marine	Operating restrictions at various bases.
PA.I.I.K6	Water and Seaplane Characteristics, Seaplane Bases, Maritime Rules, and Aids to Marine	Right-of-way, steering, and sailing rules pertinent to seaplane operation.
PA.I.I.K7	Water and Seaplane Characteristics, Seaplane Bases, Maritime Rules, and Aids to Marine	Marine navigation aids, such as buoys, beacons, lights, sound signals, and range markers.
PA.I.I.K8	Water and Seaplane Characteristics, Seaplane Bases, Maritime Rules, and Aids to Marine	Naval vessel protection zones.
PA.I.I.K9	Water and Seaplane Characteristics, Seaplane Bases, Maritime Rules, and Aids to Marine	No wake zones.
PA.I.I.R1	Water and Seaplane Characteristics, Seaplane Bases, Maritime Rules, and Aids to Marine	Local conditions.
PA.I.I.R2	Water and Seaplane Characteristics, Seaplane Bases, Maritime Rules, and Aids to Marine	Impact of marine traffic.
PA.I.I.R3	Water and Seaplane Characteristics, Seaplane Bases, Maritime Rules, and Aids to Marine	Right-of-way and sailing rules pertinent to seaplane operations.
PA.I.I.R4	Water and Seaplane Characteristics, Seaplane Bases, Maritime Rules, and Aids to Marine	Limited services and assistance available at seaplane bases.
PA.I.I.S1	Water and Seaplane Characteristics, Seaplane Bases, Maritime Rules, and Aids to Marine	Assess the water surface characteristics for the proposed flight.
PA.I.I.S2	Water and Seaplane Characteristics, Seaplane Bases, Maritime Rules, and Aids to Marine	Identify restrictions at local seaplane bases.
PA.I.I.S3	Water and Seaplane Characteristics, Seaplane Bases, Maritime Rules, and Aids to Marine	Identify marine navigation aids.
PA.I.I.S4	Water and Seaplane Characteristics, Seaplane Bases, Maritime Rules, and Aids to Marine	Describe correct right-of-way, steering, and sailing operations.
PA.I.I.S5	Water and Seaplane Characteristics, Seaplane Bases, Maritime Rules, and Aids to Marine	Explain how float and hull construction can affect seaplane performance.
PA.I.I.S6	Water and Seaplane Characteristics, Seaplane Bases, Maritime Rules, and Aids to Marine	Describe how to correct for porpoising and skipping.
PA.II.A.K1	Preflight Assessment	Pilot self-assessment.
PA.II.A.K2	Preflight Assessment	Determining that the airplane to be used is appropriate and airworthy.
PA.II.A.K3	Preflight Assessment	Airplane preflight inspection, including:
PA.II.A.K3a	Preflight Assessment	a. Which items should be inspected
PA.II.A.K3b	Preflight Assessment	b. The reasons for checking each item
PA.II.A.K3c	Preflight Assessment	c. How to detect possible defects
PA.II.A.K3d	Preflight Assessment	d. The associated regulations
PA.II.A.K4	Preflight Assessment	Environmental factors, including weather, terrain, route selection, and obstructions.
PA.II.A.R1	Preflight Assessment	Pilot.
PA.II.A.R2	Preflight Assessment	Aircraft.
PA.II.A.R3	Preflight Assessment	Environment (e.g., weather, airports, airspace, terrain, obstacles).
PA.II.A.R4	Preflight Assessment	External pressures.
PA.II.A.R5	Preflight Assessment	Aviation security concerns.
PA.II.A.S1	Preflight Assessment	Inspect the airplane with reference to an appropriate checklist.
PA.II.A.S2	Preflight Assessment	Verify the airplane is in condition for safe flight and conforms to its type design.
PA.II.A.S3	Preflight Assessment	Perform self-assessment.
PA.II.A.S4	Preflight Assessment	Continue to assess the environment for safe flight.
PA.II.B.K1	Flight Deck Management	Passenger briefing requirements, including operation and required use of safety restraint systems.
PA.II.B.K2	Flight Deck Management	Use of appropriate checklists.
PA.II.B.K3	Flight Deck Management	Requirements for current and appropriate navigation data.
PA.II.B.K4	Flight Deck Management	Securing items and cargo.
PA.II.B.R1	Flight Deck Management	Use of systems or equipment, including automation and portable electronic devices.
PA.II.B.R2	Flight Deck Management	Inoperative equipment.
PA.II.B.R3	Flight Deck Management	Passenger distractions.
PA.II.B.S1	Flight Deck Management	Secure all items in the aircraft.
PA.II.B.S2	Flight Deck Management	Conduct an appropriate passenger briefing, including identifying the pilot-in-command (PIC), use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses, doors, passenger conduct, sterile aircraft, propeller blade avoidance, and emergency procedures.
PA.II.B.S3	Flight Deck Management	Properly program and manage the aircraft's automation, as applicable.
PA.II.B.S4	Flight Deck Management	Appropriately manage risks by utilizing ADM, including SRM/CRM.
PA.II.C.K1	Engine Starting	Starting under various conditions.
PA.II.C.K2	Engine Starting	Starting the engine(s) by use of external power.
PA.II.C.K3	Engine Starting	Limitations associated with starting.
PA.II.C.K4	Engine Starting	Conditions leading to and procedures for an aborted start.
PA.II.C.R1	Engine Starting	Propeller safety.
PA.II.C.S1	Engine Starting	Position the airplane properly considering structures, other aircraft, wind, and the safety of nearby persons and property.
PA.II.C.S2	Engine Starting	Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.II.D.K1	Taxiing	Current airport aeronautical references and information resources such as the Chart Supplement, airport diagram, and Notices to Air Missions (NOTAMs).
PA.II.D.K2	Taxiing	Taxi instructions/clearances.
PA.II.D.K3	Taxiing	Airport markings, signs, and lights.
PA.II.D.K4	Taxiing	Visual indicators for wind.
PA.II.D.K5	Taxiing	Aircraft lighting, as appropriate.
PA.II.D.K6	Taxiing	Procedures for:
PA.II.D.K6a	Taxiing	a. Appropriate flight deck activities prior to taxi, including route planning and identifying the location of Hot Spots
PA.II.D.K6b	Taxiing	b. Radio communications at towered and nontowered airports
PA.II.D.K6c	Taxiing	c. Entering or crossing runways
PA.II.D.K6d	Taxiing	d. Night taxi operations
PA.II.D.K6e	Taxiing	e. Low visibility taxi operations
PA.II.D.R1	Taxiing	Activities and distractions.
PA.II.D.R2	Taxiing	Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions.
PA.II.D.R3	Taxiing	A taxi route or departure runway change.
PA.II.D.R4	Taxiing	Runway incursion.
PA.II.D.S1	Taxiing	Receive and correctly read back clearances/instructions, if applicable.
PA.II.D.S2	Taxiing	Use an airport diagram or taxi chart during taxi, if published, and maintain situational awareness.
PA.II.D.S3	Taxiing	Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.
PA.II.D.S4	Taxiing	Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.II.D.S5	Taxiing	Perform a brake check immediately after the airplane begins moving.
PA.II.D.S6	Taxiing	Maintain positive control of the airplane during ground operations by controlling direction and speed without excessive use of brakes.
PA.II.D.S7	Taxiing	Comply with airport/taxiway markings, signals, and air traffic control (ATC) clearances and instructions.
PA.II.D.S8	Taxiing	Position the airplane properly relative to hold lines.
PA.II.E.K1	Taxiing and Sailing	Airport information resources, including Chart Supplements, airport diagram, and appropriate references.
PA.II.E.K2	Taxiing and Sailing	Taxi instructions/clearances.
PA.II.E.K3	Taxiing and Sailing	Airport/seaplane base markings, signs, and lights.
PA.II.E.K4	Taxiing and Sailing	Visual indicators for wind.
PA.II.E.K5	Taxiing and Sailing	Airplane lighting.
PA.II.E.K6	Taxiing and Sailing	Procedures for:
PA.II.E.K6a	Taxiing and Sailing	a. Appropriate flight deck activities during taxiing or sailing
PA.II.E.K6b	Taxiing and Sailing	b. Radio communications at towered and nontowered seaplane bases
PA.II.E.R1	Taxiing and Sailing	Activities and distractions.
PA.II.E.R2	Taxiing and Sailing	Porpoising and skipping.
PA.II.E.R3	Taxiing and Sailing	Low visibility taxi and sailing operations.
PA.II.E.R4	Taxiing and Sailing	Other aircraft, vessels, and hazards.
PA.II.E.R5	Taxiing and Sailing	Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions.
PA.II.E.S1	Taxiing and Sailing	Receive and correctly read back clearances/instructions, if applicable.
PA.II.E.S2	Taxiing and Sailing	Use an appropriate airport diagram or taxi chart, if published.
PA.II.E.S3	Taxiing and Sailing	Comply with seaplane base/airport/taxiway markings, signals, and signs.
PA.II.E.S4	Taxiing and Sailing	Depart the dock/mooring buoy or beach/ramp in a safe manner, considering wind, current, traffic, and hazards.
PA.II.E.S5	Taxiing and Sailing	Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.II.E.S6	Taxiing and Sailing	Position the flight controls, flaps, doors, water rudders, and power correctly for the existing conditions to follow the desired course while sailing and to prevent or correct for porpoising and skipping during step taxi.
PA.II.E.S7	Taxiing and Sailing	Exhibit procedures for steering and maneuvering while maintaining proper situational awareness and desired orientation, path, and position while taxiing using idle, plow, or step taxi technique, as appropriate.
PA.II.E.S8	Taxiing and Sailing	Plan and follow the most favorable taxi or sailing course for current conditions.
PA.II.E.S9	Taxiing and Sailing	Abide by right-of-way rules, maintain positive airplane control, proper speed, and separation between other aircraft, vessels, and persons.
PA.II.E.S10	Taxiing and Sailing	Comply with applicable taxi elements in Task D if the practical test is conducted in an amphibious airplane.
PA.II.F.K1	Before Takeoff Check	Purpose of before takeoff checklist items, including:
PA.II.F.K1a	Before Takeoff Check	a. Reasons for checking each item
PA.II.F.K1b	Before Takeoff Check	b. Detecting malfunctions
PA.II.F.K1c	Before Takeoff Check	c. Ensuring the aircraft is in safe operating condition as recommended by the manufacturer
PA.II.F.R1	Before Takeoff Check	Division of attention while conducting before takeoff checks.
PA.II.F.R2	Before Takeoff Check	Unexpected runway changes by air traffic control (ATC).
PA.II.F.R3	Before Takeoff Check	Wake turbulence.
PA.II.F.R4	Before Takeoff Check	Potential powerplant failure during takeoff or other malfunction considering operational factors such as airplane characteristics, runway/takeoff path length, surface conditions, environmental conditions, and obstructions.
PA.II.F.S1	Before Takeoff Check	Review takeoff performance.
PA.II.F.S2	Before Takeoff Check	Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.II.F.S3	Before Takeoff Check	Position the airplane appropriately considering wind direction and the presence of any aircraft, vessels, or buildings as applicable.
PA.II.F.S4	Before Takeoff Check	Divide attention inside and outside the flight deck.
PA.II.F.S5	Before Takeoff Check	Verify that engine parameters and airplane configuration are suitable.
PA.III.A.K1	Communications, Light Signals, and Runway Lighting Systems	How to obtain appropriate radio frequencies.
PA.III.A.K2	Communications, Light Signals, and Runway Lighting Systems	Proper radio communication procedures and air traffic control (ATC) phraseology.
PA.III.A.K3	Communications, Light Signals, and Runway Lighting Systems	ATC light signal recognition.
PA.III.A.K4	Communications, Light Signals, and Runway Lighting Systems	Appropriate use of transponder(s).
PA.III.A.K5	Communications, Light Signals, and Runway Lighting Systems	Lost communication procedures.
PA.III.A.K6	Communications, Light Signals, and Runway Lighting Systems	Equipment issues that could cause loss of communication.
PA.III.A.K7	Communications, Light Signals, and Runway Lighting Systems	Radar assistance.
PA.III.A.K8	Communications, Light Signals, and Runway Lighting Systems	National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) accident/incident reporting.
PA.III.A.K9	Communications, Light Signals, and Runway Lighting Systems	Runway Status Lighting Systems.
PA.III.A.R1	Communications, Light Signals, and Runway Lighting Systems	Communication.
PA.III.A.R2	Communications, Light Signals, and Runway Lighting Systems	Deciding if and when to declare an emergency.
PA.III.A.R3	Communications, Light Signals, and Runway Lighting Systems	[Archived]
PA.III.A.R4	Communications, Light Signals, and Runway Lighting Systems	Use of non-standard phraseology.
PA.III.A.S1	Communications, Light Signals, and Runway Lighting Systems	Select and activate appropriate frequencies.
PA.III.A.S2	Communications, Light Signals, and Runway Lighting Systems	Transmit using standard phraseology and procedures as specified in the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) and Pilot/Controller Glossary.
PA.III.A.S3	Communications, Light Signals, and Runway Lighting Systems	Acknowledge radio communications and comply with ATC instructions or as directed by the evaluator.
PA.III.B.K1	Traffic Patterns	Towered and nontowered airport operations.
PA.III.B.K2	Traffic Patterns	Traffic pattern selection for the current conditions.
PA.III.B.K3	Traffic Patterns	Right-of-way rules.
PA.III.B.K4	Traffic Patterns	Use of automated weather and airport information.
PA.III.B.R1	Traffic Patterns	Collision hazards.
PA.III.B.R2	Traffic Patterns	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.III.B.R3	Traffic Patterns	Windshear and wake turbulence.
PA.III.B.S1	Traffic Patterns	Identify and interpret airport/seaplane base runways, taxiways, markings, signs, and lighting.
PA.III.B.S2	Traffic Patterns	Comply with recommended traffic pattern procedures.
PA.III.B.S3	Traffic Patterns	Correct for wind drift to maintain the proper ground track.
PA.III.B.S4	Traffic Patterns	Maintain orientation with the runway/landing area in use.
PA.III.B.S5	Traffic Patterns	Maintain traffic pattern altitude, ±100 feet, and the appropriate airspeed, ±10 knots.
PA.III.B.S6	Traffic Patterns	Maintain situational awareness and proper spacing from other aircraft in the traffic pattern.
PA.IV.A.K1	Normal Takeoff and Climb	Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance.
PA.IV.A.K2	Normal Takeoff and Climb	Best angle of climb speed (VX) and best rate of climb speed (VY).
PA.IV.A.K3	Normal Takeoff and Climb	Appropriate airplane configuration.
PA.IV.A.R1	Normal Takeoff and Climb	Selection of runway or takeoff path based on aircraft performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
PA.IV.A.R2	Normal Takeoff and Climb	Effects of:
PA.IV.A.R2a	Normal Takeoff and Climb	a. Crosswind
PA.IV.A.R2b	Normal Takeoff and Climb	b. Windshear
PA.IV.A.R2c	Normal Takeoff and Climb	c. Tailwind
PA.IV.A.R2d	Normal Takeoff and Climb	d. Wake turbulence
PA.IV.A.R2e	Normal Takeoff and Climb	e. Takeoff surface/condition
PA.IV.A.R3	Normal Takeoff and Climb	Abnormal operations, including planning for:
PA.IV.A.R3a	Normal Takeoff and Climb	a. Rejected takeoff
PA.IV.A.R3b	Normal Takeoff and Climb	b. Potential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flight
PA.IV.A.R4	Normal Takeoff and Climb	Collision hazards.
PA.IV.A.R5	Normal Takeoff and Climb	Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.A.R6	Normal Takeoff and Climb	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.A.R7	Normal Takeoff and Climb	Runway incursion.
PA.IV.A.S1	Normal Takeoff and Climb	Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.A.S2	Normal Takeoff and Climb	Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.A.S3	Normal Takeoff and Climb	Verify assigned/correct runway or takeoff path.
PA.IV.A.S4	Normal Takeoff and Climb	Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.
PA.IV.A.S5	Normal Takeoff and Climb	Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.
PA.IV.A.S6	Normal Takeoff and Climb	Clear the area, taxi into takeoff position, and align the airplane on the runway centerline (ASEL, AMEL) or takeoff path (ASES, AMES).
PA.IV.A.S6a	Normal Takeoff and Climb	a. Retract the water rudders, as appropriate (ASES, AMES)
PA.IV.A.S7	Normal Takeoff and Climb	Advance the throttle smoothly to takeoff power and confirm proper engine and flight instrument indications prior to rotation.
PA.IV.A.S7a	Normal Takeoff and Climb	a. Establish and maintain the most efficient planing/lift-off attitude, and correct for porpoising or skipping (ASES, AMES)
PA.IV.A.S8	Normal Takeoff and Climb	Avoid excessive water spray on the propeller(s) (ASES, AMES).
PA.IV.A.S9	Normal Takeoff and Climb	Rotate and lift off at the recommended airspeed and accelerate to VY.
PA.IV.A.S10	Normal Takeoff and Climb	[Archived]
PA.IV.A.S11	Normal Takeoff and Climb	Establish a pitch attitude to maintain the manufacturer's recommended speed or VY, +10/-5 knots.
PA.IV.A.S12	Normal Takeoff and Climb	Configure the airplane in accordance with manufacturer's guidance.
PA.IV.A.S13	Normal Takeoff and Climb	Maintain VY +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.
PA.IV.A.S14	Normal Takeoff and Climb	Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and climb.
PA.IV.A.S15	Normal Takeoff and Climb	Comply with noise abatement procedures, as applicable.
PA.IV.B.K1	Normal Approach and Landing	A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.
PA.IV.B.K2	Normal Approach and Landing	Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.
PA.IV.B.K3	Normal Approach and Landing	Wind correction techniques on approach and landing.
PA.IV.B.R1	Normal Approach and Landing	Selection of runway/landing surface, approach path, and touchdown area based on pilot capability, aircraft performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
PA.IV.B.R2	Normal Approach and Landing	Effects of:
PA.IV.B.R2a	Normal Approach and Landing	a. Crosswind
PA.IV.B.R2b	Normal Approach and Landing	b. Windshear
PA.IV.B.R2c	Normal Approach and Landing	c. Tailwind
PA.IV.B.R2d	Normal Approach and Landing	d. Wake turbulence
PA.IV.B.R2e	Normal Approach and Landing	e. Landing surface/condition
PA.IV.B.R3	Normal Approach and Landing	Planning for:
PA.IV.B.R3a	Normal Approach and Landing	a. Rejected landing and go-around
PA.IV.B.R3b	Normal Approach and Landing	b. Land and hold short operations (LAHSO)
PA.IV.B.R4	Normal Approach and Landing	Collision hazards.
PA.IV.B.R5	Normal Approach and Landing	Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.B.R6	Normal Approach and Landing	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.B.S1	Normal Approach and Landing	Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.B.S2	Normal Approach and Landing	Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.B.S3	Normal Approach and Landing	Ensure the airplane is aligned with the correct/assigned runway or landing surface.
PA.IV.B.S4	Normal Approach and Landing	Scan the runway or landing surface and adjoining area for traffic and obstructions.
PA.IV.B.S5	Normal Approach and Landing	Select and aim for a suitable touchdown point considering the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions.
PA.IV.B.S6	Normal Approach and Landing	Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.
PA.IV.B.S7	Normal Approach and Landing	Maintain manufacturer's published approach airspeed or in its absence not more than 1.3 times the stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed in the landing configuration (VSO), +10/-5 knots with gust factor applied.
PA.IV.B.S8	Normal Approach and Landing	Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.
PA.IV.B.S9	Normal Approach and Landing	Make smooth, timely, and correct control application during round out and touchdown.
PA.IV.B.S10	Normal Approach and Landing	Touch down at a proper pitch attitude, within 400 feet beyond or on the specified point, with no side drift, and with the airplane's longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway center/landing path.
PA.IV.B.S11	Normal Approach and Landing	Execute a timely go-around if the approach cannot be made within the tolerances specified above or for any other condition that may result in an unsafe approach or landing.
PA.IV.B.S12	Normal Approach and Landing	Use runway incursion avoidance procedures, if applicable.
PA.IV.C.K1	Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb	Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance.
PA.IV.C.K2	Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb	Best angle of climb speed (VX) and best rate of climb speed (VY).
PA.IV.C.K3	Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb	Appropriate airplane configuration.
PA.IV.C.K4	Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb	Ground effect.
PA.IV.C.K5	Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb	Importance of weight transfer from wheels to wings.
PA.IV.C.K6	Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb	Left turning tendencies.
PA.IV.C.R1	Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb	Selection of runway based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
PA.IV.C.R2	Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb	Effects of:
PA.IV.C.R2a	Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb	a. Crosswind
PA.IV.C.R2b	Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb	b. Windshear
PA.IV.C.R2c	Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb	c. Tailwind
PA.IV.C.R2d	Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb	d. Wake turbulence
PA.IV.C.R2e	Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb	e. Takeoff surface/condition
PA.IV.C.R3	Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb	Abnormal operations, including planning for:
PA.IV.C.R3a	Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb	a. Rejected takeoff
PA.IV.C.R3b	Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb	b. Potential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flight
PA.IV.C.R4	Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb	Collision hazards.
PA.IV.C.R5	Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb	Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.C.R6	Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.C.S1	Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb	Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.C.S2	Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb	Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.C.S3	Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb	Verify assigned/correct runway.
PA.IV.C.S4	Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb	Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.
PA.IV.C.S5	Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb	Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.
PA.IV.C.S6	Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb	Clear the area, maintain necessary flight control inputs, taxi into takeoff position and align the airplane on the runway centerline without stopping, while advancing the throttle smoothly to takeoff power.
PA.IV.C.S7	Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb	Confirm takeoff power and proper engine and flight instrument indications.
PA.IV.C.S8	Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb	Establish and maintain a pitch attitude that transfers the weight of the airplane from the wheels to the wings as rapidly as possible.
PA.IV.C.S9	Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb	Lift off at the lowest possible airspeed and remain in ground effect while accelerating to VX or VY, as appropriate.
PA.IV.C.S10	Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb	Establish a pitch attitude for VX or VY, as appropriate, and maintain selected airspeed +10/-5 knots during the climb.
PA.IV.C.S11	Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb	Configure the airplane after a positive rate of climb has been verified or in accordance with airplane manufacturer's instructions.
PA.IV.C.S12	Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb	Maintain VX or VY, as appropriate, +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.
PA.IV.C.S13	Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb	Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and climb.
PA.IV.C.S14	Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb	Comply with noise abatement procedures, as applicable.
PA.IV.D.K1	Soft-Field Approach and Landing	A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.
PA.IV.D.K2	Soft-Field Approach and Landing	Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.
PA.IV.D.K3	Soft-Field Approach and Landing	Wind correction techniques on approach and landing.
PA.IV.D.R1	Soft-Field Approach and Landing	Selection of runway based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
PA.IV.D.R2	Soft-Field Approach and Landing	Effects of:
PA.IV.D.R2a	Soft-Field Approach and Landing	a. Crosswind
PA.IV.D.R2b	Soft-Field Approach and Landing	b. Windshear
PA.IV.D.R2c	Soft-Field Approach and Landing	c. Tailwind
PA.IV.D.R2d	Soft-Field Approach and Landing	d. Wake turbulence
PA.IV.D.R2e	Soft-Field Approach and Landing	e. Landing surface/condition
PA.IV.D.R3	Soft-Field Approach and Landing	Planning for:
PA.IV.D.R3a	Soft-Field Approach and Landing	a. Rejected landing and go-around
PA.IV.D.R3b	Soft-Field Approach and Landing	b. Land and hold short operations (LAHSO)
PA.IV.D.R4	Soft-Field Approach and Landing	Collision hazards.
PA.IV.D.R5	Soft-Field Approach and Landing	Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.D.R6	Soft-Field Approach and Landing	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.D.S1	Soft-Field Approach and Landing	Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.D.S2	Soft-Field Approach and Landing	Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.D.S3	Soft-Field Approach and Landing	Ensure the airplane is aligned with the correct/assigned runway.
PA.IV.D.S4	Soft-Field Approach and Landing	Scan the landing runway and adjoining area for traffic and obstructions.
PA.IV.D.S5	Soft-Field Approach and Landing	Select and aim for a suitable touchdown point considering the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions.
PA.IV.D.S6	Soft-Field Approach and Landing	Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.
PA.IV.D.S7	Soft-Field Approach and Landing	Maintain manufacturer's published approach airspeed or in its absence not more than 1.3 VSO, +10/-5 knots with gust factor applied.
PA.IV.D.S8	Soft-Field Approach and Landing	Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.
PA.IV.D.S9	Soft-Field Approach and Landing	Make smooth, timely, and correct control inputs during the round out and touchdown, and, for tricycle gear airplanes, keep the nose wheel off the surface until loss of elevator effectiveness.
PA.IV.D.S10	Soft-Field Approach and Landing	Touch down at a proper pitch attitude with minimum sink rate, no side drift, and with the airplane's longitudinal axis aligned with the center of the runway.
PA.IV.D.S11	Soft-Field Approach and Landing	Maintain elevator as recommended by manufacturer during rollout and exit the "soft" area at a speed that would preclude sinking into the surface.
PA.IV.D.S12	Soft-Field Approach and Landing	Execute a timely go-around if the approach cannot be made within the tolerances specified above or for any other condition that may result in an unsafe approach or landing.
PA.IV.D.S13	Soft-Field Approach and Landing	Maintain proper position of the flight controls and sufficient speed to taxi while on the soft surface.
PA.IV.E.K1	Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance.
PA.IV.E.K2	Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Best angle of climb speed (VX) and best rate of climb speed (VY).
PA.IV.E.K3	Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Appropriate airplane configuration.
PA.IV.E.R1	Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Selection of runway based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
PA.IV.E.R2	Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Effects of:
PA.IV.E.R2a	Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	a. Crosswind
PA.IV.E.R2b	Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	b. Windshear
PA.IV.E.R2c	Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	c. Tailwind
PA.IV.E.R2d	Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	d. Wake turbulence
PA.IV.E.R2e	Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	e. Takeoff surface/condition
PA.IV.E.R3	Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Abnormal operations, including planning for:
PA.IV.E.R3a	Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	a. Rejected takeoff
PA.IV.E.R3b	Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	b. Potential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flight
PA.IV.E.R4	Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Collision hazards.
PA.IV.E.R5	Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.E.R6	Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.E.S1	Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.E.S2	Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.E.S3	Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Verify assigned/correct runway.
PA.IV.E.S4	Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.
PA.IV.E.S5	Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.
PA.IV.E.S6	Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Clear the area, taxi into takeoff position, and align the airplane on the runway centerline utilizing maximum available takeoff area.
PA.IV.E.S7	Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Apply brakes while setting engine power to achieve maximum performance.
PA.IV.E.S8	Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Confirm takeoff power prior to brake release and verify proper engine and flight instrument indications prior to rotation.
PA.IV.E.S9	Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Rotate and lift off at the recommended airspeed and accelerate to the recommended obstacle clearance airspeed or VX, +10/-5 knots.
PA.IV.E.S10	Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Establish a pitch attitude to maintain the recommended obstacle clearance airspeed or VX, +10/-5 knots until the obstacle is cleared or until the airplane is 50 feet above the surface.
PA.IV.E.S11	Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Establish a pitch attitude for VY and accelerate to VY +10/-5 knots after clearing the obstacle or at 50 feet AGL if simulating an obstacle.
PA.IV.E.S12	Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Configure the airplane in accordance with the manufacturer's guidance after a positive rate of climb has been verified.
PA.IV.E.S13	Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Maintain VY +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.
PA.IV.E.S14	Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and climb.
PA.IV.E.S15	Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Comply with noise abatement procedures, as applicable.
PA.IV.F.K1	Short-Field Approach and Landing	A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.
PA.IV.F.K2	Short-Field Approach and Landing	Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.
PA.IV.F.K3	Short-Field Approach and Landing	Wind correction techniques on approach and landing.
PA.IV.F.R1	Short-Field Approach and Landing	Selection of runway based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
PA.IV.F.R2	Short-Field Approach and Landing	Effects of:
PA.IV.F.R2a	Short-Field Approach and Landing	a. Crosswind
PA.IV.F.R2b	Short-Field Approach and Landing	b. Windshear
PA.IV.F.R2c	Short-Field Approach and Landing	c. Tailwind
PA.IV.F.R2d	Short-Field Approach and Landing	d. Wake turbulence
PA.IV.F.R2e	Short-Field Approach and Landing	e. Landing surface/condition
PA.IV.F.R3	Short-Field Approach and Landing	Planning for:
PA.IV.F.R3a	Short-Field Approach and Landing	a. Rejected landing and go-around
PA.IV.F.R3b	Short-Field Approach and Landing	b. Land and hold short operations (LAHSO)
PA.IV.F.R4	Short-Field Approach and Landing	Collision hazards.
PA.IV.F.R5	Short-Field Approach and Landing	Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.F.R6	Short-Field Approach and Landing	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.F.S1	Short-Field Approach and Landing	Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.F.S2	Short-Field Approach and Landing	Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.F.S3	Short-Field Approach and Landing	Ensure the airplane is aligned with the correct/assigned runway.
PA.IV.F.S4	Short-Field Approach and Landing	Scan the landing runway and adjoining area for traffic and obstructions.
PA.IV.F.S5	Short-Field Approach and Landing	Select and aim for a suitable touchdown point considering the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions.
PA.IV.F.S6	Short-Field Approach and Landing	Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.
PA.IV.F.S7	Short-Field Approach and Landing	Maintain manufacturer's published approach airspeed or in its absence not more than 1.3 VSO, +10/-5 knots with gust factor applied.
PA.IV.F.S8	Short-Field Approach and Landing	Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.
PA.IV.F.S9	Short-Field Approach and Landing	Make smooth, timely, and correct control application before, during, and after touchdown.
PA.IV.F.S10	Short-Field Approach and Landing	Touch down at a proper pitch attitude within 200 feet beyond or on the specified point, threshold markings, or runway numbers, with no side drift, minimum float, and with the airplane's longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway centerline.
PA.IV.F.S11	Short-Field Approach and Landing	Use manufacturer's recommended procedures for airplane configuration and braking.
PA.IV.F.S12	Short-Field Approach and Landing	Execute a timely go-around if the approach cannot be made within the tolerances specified above or for any other condition that may result in an unsafe approach or landing.
PA.IV.F.S13	Short-Field Approach and Landing	Use runway incursion avoidance procedures, if applicable.
PA.IV.G.K1	Confined Area Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance.
PA.IV.G.K2	Confined Area Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Best angle of climb speed (VX) and best rate of climb speed (VY).
PA.IV.G.K3	Confined Area Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Appropriate airplane configuration.
PA.IV.G.K4	Confined Area Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Effects of water surface.
PA.IV.G.R1	Confined Area Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Selection of takeoff path based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
PA.IV.G.R2	Confined Area Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Effects of:
PA.IV.G.R2a	Confined Area Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	a. Crosswind
PA.IV.G.R2b	Confined Area Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	b. Windshear
PA.IV.G.R2c	Confined Area Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	c. Tailwind
PA.IV.G.R2d	Confined Area Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	d. Wake turbulence
PA.IV.G.R2e	Confined Area Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	e. Water surface/condition
PA.IV.G.R3	Confined Area Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Abnormal operations, including planning for:
PA.IV.G.R3a	Confined Area Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	a. Rejected takeoff
PA.IV.G.R3b	Confined Area Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	b. Potential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flight
PA.IV.G.R4	Confined Area Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Collision hazards.
PA.IV.G.R5	Confined Area Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.G.R6	Confined Area Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.G.S1	Confined Area Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.G.S2	Confined Area Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.G.S3	Confined Area Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Verify assigned/correct takeoff path.
PA.IV.G.S4	Confined Area Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.
PA.IV.G.S5	Confined Area Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Position the flight controls for the existing wind, if applicable.
PA.IV.G.S6	Confined Area Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Clear the area, taxi into takeoff position utilizing maximum available takeoff area, and align the airplane on the takeoff path.
PA.IV.G.S6a	Confined Area Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	a. Retract the water rudders, as appropriate
PA.IV.G.S7	Confined Area Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Advance the throttle smoothly to takeoff power and confirm proper engine and flight instrument indications prior to rotation.
PA.IV.G.S8	Confined Area Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Establish a pitch attitude that maintains the most efficient planing/lift-off attitude and correct for porpoising and skipping.
PA.IV.G.S9	Confined Area Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Avoid excessive water spray on the propeller(s).
PA.IV.G.S10	Confined Area Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Rotate and lift off at the recommended airspeed, and accelerate to the recommended obstacle clearance airspeed or VX.
PA.IV.G.S11	Confined Area Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Establish a pitch attitude to maintain the recommended obstacle clearance airspeed or VX, +10/-5 knots until the obstacle is cleared or until the airplane is 50 feet above the surface.
PA.IV.G.S12	Confined Area Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Establish a pitch attitude for VY and accelerate to VY +10/-5 knots after clearing the obstacle or at 50 feet AGL if simulating an obstacle.
PA.IV.G.S13	Confined Area Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Retract flaps, if extended, after a positive rate of climb has been verified or in accordance with airplane manufacturer's guidance.
PA.IV.G.S14	Confined Area Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Maintain VY +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.
PA.IV.G.S15	Confined Area Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and climb.
PA.IV.G.S16	Confined Area Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb	Comply with noise abatement procedures, as applicable.
PA.IV.H.K1	Confined Area Approach and Landing	A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.
PA.IV.H.K2	Confined Area Approach and Landing	Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.
PA.IV.H.K3	Confined Area Approach and Landing	Wind correction techniques on approach and landing.
PA.IV.H.R1	Confined Area Approach and Landing	Selection of approach path and touchdown area based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
PA.IV.H.R2	Confined Area Approach and Landing	Effects of:
PA.IV.H.R2a	Confined Area Approach and Landing	a. Crosswind
PA.IV.H.R2b	Confined Area Approach and Landing	b. Windshear
PA.IV.H.R2c	Confined Area Approach and Landing	c. Tailwind
PA.IV.H.R2d	Confined Area Approach and Landing	d. Wake turbulence
PA.IV.H.R2e	Confined Area Approach and Landing	e. Water surface/condition
PA.IV.H.R3	Confined Area Approach and Landing	Planning for a go-around and rejected landing.
PA.IV.H.R4	Confined Area Approach and Landing	Collision hazards.
PA.IV.H.R5	Confined Area Approach and Landing	Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.H.R6	Confined Area Approach and Landing	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.H.S1	Confined Area Approach and Landing	Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.H.S2	Confined Area Approach and Landing	Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.H.S3	Confined Area Approach and Landing	Ensure the airplane is aligned for an approach to the correct/assigned landing surface.
PA.IV.H.S4	Confined Area Approach and Landing	Scan the landing area for traffic and obstructions.
PA.IV.H.S5	Confined Area Approach and Landing	Select and aim for a suitable touchdown point considering the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions.
PA.IV.H.S6	Confined Area Approach and Landing	Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.
PA.IV.H.S7	Confined Area Approach and Landing	Maintain manufacturer's published approach airspeed or in its absence not more than 1.3 VSO, +10/-5 knots with gust factor applied.
PA.IV.H.S8	Confined Area Approach and Landing	Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.
PA.IV.H.S9	Confined Area Approach and Landing	Make smooth, timely, and correct control application before, during, and after touchdown.
PA.IV.H.S10	Confined Area Approach and Landing	Contact the water at the recommended airspeed with a proper pitch attitude for the surface conditions.
PA.IV.H.S11	Confined Area Approach and Landing	Touch down at a proper pitch attitude, within 200 feet beyond or on the specified point, with no side drift, minimum float, and with the airplane's longitudinal axis aligned with the projected landing path.
PA.IV.H.S12	Confined Area Approach and Landing	Execute a timely go-around if the approach cannot be made within the tolerances specified above or for any other condition that may result in an unsafe approach or landing.
PA.IV.H.S13	Confined Area Approach and Landing	Apply elevator control as necessary to stop in the shortest distance consistent with safety.
PA.IV.I.K1	Glassy Water Takeoff and Climb	Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance.
PA.IV.I.K2	Glassy Water Takeoff and Climb	Best angle of climb speed (VX) and best rate of climb speed (VY).
PA.IV.I.K3	Glassy Water Takeoff and Climb	Appropriate airplane configuration.
PA.IV.I.K4	Glassy Water Takeoff and Climb	Appropriate use of glassy water takeoff and climb technique.
PA.IV.I.R1	Glassy Water Takeoff and Climb	Selection of takeoff path based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, and available distance.
PA.IV.I.R2	Glassy Water Takeoff and Climb	Water surface/condition.
PA.IV.I.R3	Glassy Water Takeoff and Climb	Abnormal operations, including planning for:
PA.IV.I.R3a	Glassy Water Takeoff and Climb	a. Rejected takeoff
PA.IV.I.R3b	Glassy Water Takeoff and Climb	b. Potential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flight
PA.IV.I.R4	Glassy Water Takeoff and Climb	Collision hazards.
PA.IV.I.R5	Glassy Water Takeoff and Climb	Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.I.R6	Glassy Water Takeoff and Climb	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.I.R7	Glassy Water Takeoff and Climb	Gear position in an amphibious airplane.
PA.IV.I.S1	Glassy Water Takeoff and Climb	Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.I.S2	Glassy Water Takeoff and Climb	Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.I.S3	Glassy Water Takeoff and Climb	Position flight controls and configure the aircraft for the existing conditions.
PA.IV.I.S4	Glassy Water Takeoff and Climb	Clear the area, select appropriate takeoff path considering surface hazards or vessels and surface conditions:
PA.IV.I.S4a	Glassy Water Takeoff and Climb	a. Retract the water rudders, as appropriate
PA.IV.I.S4b	Glassy Water Takeoff and Climb	b. Advance the throttle smoothly to takeoff power and confirm proper engine and flight instrument indications prior to rotation
PA.IV.I.S5	Glassy Water Takeoff and Climb	[Archived]
PA.IV.I.S6	Glassy Water Takeoff and Climb	Establish and maintain an appropriate planing attitude, directional control, and correct for porpoising, skipping, and increase in water drag.
PA.IV.I.S7	Glassy Water Takeoff and Climb	Avoid excessive water spray on the propeller(s).
PA.IV.I.S8	Glassy Water Takeoff and Climb	Use appropriate techniques to lift seaplane from the water considering surface conditions.
PA.IV.I.S9	Glassy Water Takeoff and Climb	Establish proper attitude/airspeed and accelerate to VY +10/-5 knots during the climb.
PA.IV.I.S10	Glassy Water Takeoff and Climb	Configure the airplane after a positive rate of climb has been verified or in accordance with airplane manufacturer's instructions.
PA.IV.I.S11	Glassy Water Takeoff and Climb	Maintain VY +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.
PA.IV.I.S12	Glassy Water Takeoff and Climb	Maintain directional control throughout takeoff and climb.
PA.IV.J.K1	Glassy Water Approach and Landing	A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.
PA.IV.J.K2	Glassy Water Approach and Landing	Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.
PA.IV.J.K3	Glassy Water Approach and Landing	When and why glassy water techniques are used.
PA.IV.J.K4	Glassy Water Approach and Landing	How a glassy water approach and landing is executed.
PA.IV.J.R1	Glassy Water Approach and Landing	Selection of approach path and touchdown area based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, and available distance.
PA.IV.J.R2	Glassy Water Approach and Landing	Water surface/condition.
PA.IV.J.R3	Glassy Water Approach and Landing	Planning for a go-around and rejected landing.
PA.IV.J.R4	Glassy Water Approach and Landing	Collision hazards.
PA.IV.J.R5	Glassy Water Approach and Landing	Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.J.R6	Glassy Water Approach and Landing	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.J.R7	Glassy Water Approach and Landing	Gear position in an amphibious airplane.
PA.IV.J.S1	Glassy Water Approach and Landing	Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.J.S2	Glassy Water Approach and Landing	Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.J.S3	Glassy Water Approach and Landing	Scan the landing area for traffic and obstructions.
PA.IV.J.S4	Glassy Water Approach and Landing	Select a proper approach and landing path considering the landing surface, visual attitude references, water depth, and collision hazards.
PA.IV.J.S5	Glassy Water Approach and Landing	Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.
PA.IV.J.S6	Glassy Water Approach and Landing	Maintain manufacturer's published approach airspeed or in its absence not more than 1.3 VSO, +10/-5 knots.
PA.IV.J.S7	Glassy Water Approach and Landing	Make smooth, timely, and correct power and control adjustments to maintain proper pitch attitude and rate of descent to touchdown.
PA.IV.J.S8	Glassy Water Approach and Landing	Contact the water in a proper pitch attitude, and slow to idle taxi speed.
PA.IV.J.S9	Glassy Water Approach and Landing	Maintain directional control throughout the approach and landing.
PA.IV.K.K1	Rough Water Takeoff and Climb	Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on takeoff and climb performance.
PA.IV.K.K2	Rough Water Takeoff and Climb	Best angle of climb speed (VX) and best rate of climb speed (VY).
PA.IV.K.K3	Rough Water Takeoff and Climb	Appropriate airplane configuration.
PA.IV.K.K4	Rough Water Takeoff and Climb	Appropriate use of rough water takeoff and climb technique.
PA.IV.K.R1	Rough Water Takeoff and Climb	Selection of takeoff path based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
PA.IV.K.R2	Rough Water Takeoff and Climb	Effects of:
PA.IV.K.R2a	Rough Water Takeoff and Climb	a. Crosswind
PA.IV.K.R2b	Rough Water Takeoff and Climb	b. Windshear
PA.IV.K.R2c	Rough Water Takeoff and Climb	c. Tailwind
PA.IV.K.R2d	Rough Water Takeoff and Climb	d. Wake turbulence
PA.IV.K.R2e	Rough Water Takeoff and Climb	e. Water surface/condition
PA.IV.K.R3	Rough Water Takeoff and Climb	Abnormal operations, including planning for:
PA.IV.K.R3a	Rough Water Takeoff and Climb	a. Rejected takeoff
PA.IV.K.R3b	Rough Water Takeoff and Climb	b. Potential engine failure in takeoff/climb phase of flight
PA.IV.K.R4	Rough Water Takeoff and Climb	Collision hazards.
PA.IV.K.R5	Rough Water Takeoff and Climb	Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.K.R6	Rough Water Takeoff and Climb	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.K.R7	Rough Water Takeoff and Climb	Gear position in an amphibious airplane.
PA.IV.K.S1	Rough Water Takeoff and Climb	Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.K.S2	Rough Water Takeoff and Climb	Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.K.S3	Rough Water Takeoff and Climb	Verify assigned/correct takeoff path.
PA.IV.K.S4	Rough Water Takeoff and Climb	Determine wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators.
PA.IV.K.S5	Rough Water Takeoff and Climb	Position flight controls and configure the airplane for the existing conditions.
PA.IV.K.S6	Rough Water Takeoff and Climb	Clear the area, select an appropriate takeoff path considering wind, swells, surface hazards, or vessels.
PA.IV.K.S6a	Rough Water Takeoff and Climb	a. Retract the water rudders, as appropriate
PA.IV.K.S6b	Rough Water Takeoff and Climb	b. Advance the throttle smoothly to takeoff power and confirm proper engine and flight instrument indications prior to rotation
PA.IV.K.S7	Rough Water Takeoff and Climb	[Archived]
PA.IV.K.S8	Rough Water Takeoff and Climb	Establish and maintain an appropriate planing attitude, directional control, and correct for porpoising, skipping, and increase in water drag.
PA.IV.K.S9	Rough Water Takeoff and Climb	Avoid excessive water spray on the propeller(s).
PA.IV.K.S10	Rough Water Takeoff and Climb	Lift off at minimum airspeed and accelerate to VY +10/- 5 knots before leaving ground effect.
PA.IV.K.S11	Rough Water Takeoff and Climb	Configure the airplane after a positive rate of climb has been verified or in accordance with airplane manufacturer's instructions.
PA.IV.K.S12	Rough Water Takeoff and Climb	Maintain VY +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.
PA.IV.K.S13	Rough Water Takeoff and Climb	Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout takeoff and climb.
PA.IV.L.K1	Rough Water Approach and Landing	A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.
PA.IV.L.K2	Rough Water Approach and Landing	Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.
PA.IV.L.K3	Rough Water Approach and Landing	Wind correction techniques on approach and landing.
PA.IV.L.K4	Rough Water Approach and Landing	When and why rough water techniques are used.
PA.IV.L.K5	Rough Water Approach and Landing	How to perform a proper rough water approach and landing.
PA.IV.L.R1	Rough Water Approach and Landing	Selection of approach path and touchdown area based on pilot capability, airplane performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
PA.IV.L.R2	Rough Water Approach and Landing	Effects of:
PA.IV.L.R2a	Rough Water Approach and Landing	a. Crosswind
PA.IV.L.R2b	Rough Water Approach and Landing	b. Windshear
PA.IV.L.R2c	Rough Water Approach and Landing	c. Tailwind
PA.IV.L.R2d	Rough Water Approach and Landing	d. Wake turbulence
PA.IV.L.R2e	Rough Water Approach and Landing	e. Water surface/condition
PA.IV.L.R3	Rough Water Approach and Landing	Planning for a go-around and rejected landing.
PA.IV.L.R4	Rough Water Approach and Landing	Collision hazards.
PA.IV.L.R5	Rough Water Approach and Landing	Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.L.R6	Rough Water Approach and Landing	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.L.R7	Rough Water Approach and Landing	Gear position in an amphibious airplane.
PA.IV.L.S1	Rough Water Approach and Landing	Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.L.S2	Rough Water Approach and Landing	Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.L.S3	Rough Water Approach and Landing	Ensure the airplane is aligned with the correct/assigned waterway.
PA.IV.L.S4	Rough Water Approach and Landing	Scan the landing area for traffic and obstructions.
PA.IV.L.S5	Rough Water Approach and Landing	Select and aim for a suitable touchdown point considering the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions.
PA.IV.L.S6	Rough Water Approach and Landing	Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration, airspeed, and trim, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required to maintain a stabilized approach.
PA.IV.L.S7	Rough Water Approach and Landing	Maintain manufacturer's published approach airspeed or in its absence not more than 1.3 VSO, +10/-5 knots with gust factor applied.
PA.IV.L.S8	Rough Water Approach and Landing	Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.
PA.IV.L.S9	Rough Water Approach and Landing	Make smooth, timely, and correct power and control adjustments to maintain proper pitch attitude and rate of descent to touchdown.
PA.IV.L.S10	Rough Water Approach and Landing	Contact the water in a proper pitch attitude, considering the type of rough water.
PA.IV.M.K1	Forward Slip to a Landing	Concepts of energy management during a forward slip approach.
PA.IV.M.K2	Forward Slip to a Landing	Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind, on approach and landing performance.
PA.IV.M.K3	Forward Slip to a Landing	Wind correction techniques during forward slip.
PA.IV.M.K4	Forward Slip to a Landing	When and why a forward slip approach is used during an approach.
PA.IV.M.R1	Forward Slip to a Landing	Selection of runway/landing surface, approach path, and touchdown area based on pilot capability, aircraft performance and limitations, available distance, and wind.
PA.IV.M.R2	Forward Slip to a Landing	Effects of:
PA.IV.M.R2a	Forward Slip to a Landing	a. Crosswind
PA.IV.M.R2b	Forward Slip to a Landing	b. Windshear
PA.IV.M.R2c	Forward Slip to a Landing	c. Tailwind
PA.IV.M.R2d	Forward Slip to a Landing	d. Wake turbulence
PA.IV.M.R2e	Forward Slip to a Landing	e. Landing surface/condition
PA.IV.M.R3	Forward Slip to a Landing	Planning for:
PA.IV.M.R3a	Forward Slip to a Landing	a. Rejected landing and go-around
PA.IV.M.R3b	Forward Slip to a Landing	b. Land and hold short operations (LAHSO)
PA.IV.M.R4	Forward Slip to a Landing	Collision hazards.
PA.IV.M.R5	Forward Slip to a Landing	Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.M.R6	Forward Slip to a Landing	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.M.R7	Forward Slip to a Landing	Forward slip operations, including fuel flowage, tail stalls with flaps, and airspeed control.
PA.IV.M.R8	Forward Slip to a Landing	Surface contact with the airplane's longitudinal axis misaligned.
PA.IV.M.R9	Forward Slip to a Landing	Unstable approach.
PA.IV.M.S1	Forward Slip to a Landing	Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.M.S2	Forward Slip to a Landing	Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.M.S3	Forward Slip to a Landing	Plan and follow a flightpath to the selected landing area considering altitude, wind, terrain, and obstructions.
PA.IV.M.S4	Forward Slip to a Landing	Select the most suitable touchdown point based on wind, landing surface, obstructions, and airplane limitations.
PA.IV.M.S5	Forward Slip to a Landing	Position airplane on downwind leg, parallel to landing runway or selected landing surface.
PA.IV.M.S6	Forward Slip to a Landing	Configure the airplane correctly.
PA.IV.M.S7	Forward Slip to a Landing	As necessary, correlate crosswind with direction of forward slip and transition to side slip before touchdown.
PA.IV.M.S8	Forward Slip to a Landing	Touch down at a proper pitch attitude, within 400 feet beyond or on the specified point, with no side drift, and with the airplane's longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway center/landing path.
PA.IV.M.S9	Forward Slip to a Landing	Maintain a ground track aligned with the runway center/landing path.
PA.IV.N.K1	Go-Around/Rejected Landing	A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.
PA.IV.N.K2	Go-Around/Rejected Landing	Effects of atmospheric conditions, including wind and density altitude, on a go-around or rejected landing.
PA.IV.N.K3	Go-Around/Rejected Landing	Wind correction techniques on takeoff/departure and approach/landing.
PA.IV.N.R1	Go-Around/Rejected Landing	Delayed recognition of the need for a go-around/rejected landing.
PA.IV.N.R2	Go-Around/Rejected Landing	Delayed performance of a go-around at low altitude.
PA.IV.N.R3	Go-Around/Rejected Landing	Power application.
PA.IV.N.R4	Go-Around/Rejected Landing	Configuring the airplane.
PA.IV.N.R5	Go-Around/Rejected Landing	Collision hazards.
PA.IV.N.R6	Go-Around/Rejected Landing	Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IV.N.R7	Go-Around/Rejected Landing	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IV.N.R8	Go-Around/Rejected Landing	Runway incursion.
PA.IV.N.R9	Go-Around/Rejected Landing	Managing a go-around/rejected landing after accepting a LAHSO clearance.
PA.IV.N.S1	Go-Around/Rejected Landing	Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IV.N.S2	Go-Around/Rejected Landing	Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IV.N.S3	Go-Around/Rejected Landing	Make a timely decision to discontinue the approach to landing.
PA.IV.N.S4	Go-Around/Rejected Landing	Apply takeoff power immediately and transition to climb pitch attitude for VX or VY as appropriate +10/-5 knots.
PA.IV.N.S5	Go-Around/Rejected Landing	Configure the airplane after a positive rate of climb has been verified or in accordance with airplane manufacturer's instructions.
PA.IV.N.S6	Go-Around/Rejected Landing	Maneuver to the side of the runway/landing area when necessary to clear and avoid conflicting traffic.
PA.IV.N.S7	Go-Around/Rejected Landing	Maintain VY +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude.
PA.IV.N.S8	Go-Around/Rejected Landing	Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout the climb.
PA.IV.N.S9	Go-Around/Rejected Landing	Use runway incursion avoidance procedures, if applicable.
PA.V.A.K1	Steep Turns	How to conduct a proper steep turn.
PA.V.A.K2	Steep Turns	Aerodynamics associated with steep turns, including:
PA.V.A.K2a	Steep Turns	a. Maintaining coordinated flight
PA.V.A.K2b	Steep Turns	b. Overbanking tendencies
PA.V.A.K2c	Steep Turns	c. Maneuvering speed, including the impact of weight changes
PA.V.A.K2d	Steep Turns	d. Load factor and accelerated stalls
PA.V.A.K2e	Steep Turns	e. Rate and radius of turn
PA.V.A.R1	Steep Turns	Division of attention between aircraft control and orientation.
PA.V.A.R2	Steep Turns	Collision hazards.
PA.V.A.R3	Steep Turns	Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.V.A.R4	Steep Turns	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.V.A.R5	Steep Turns	Uncoordinated flight.
PA.V.A.S1	Steep Turns	Clear the area.
PA.V.A.S2	Steep Turns	Establish the manufacturer's recommended airspeed; or if one is not available, an airspeed not to exceed the maneuvering speed (VA).
PA.V.A.S3	Steep Turns	Roll into a coordinated 360° steep turn with approximately a 45° bank.
PA.V.A.S4	Steep Turns	Perform the Task in the opposite direction, as specified by evaluator.
PA.V.A.S5	Steep Turns	Maintain the entry altitude ±100 feet, airspeed ±10 knots, bank ±5°, and roll out on the entry heading ±10°.
PA.V.B.K1	Ground Reference Maneuvers	Purpose of ground reference maneuvers.
PA.V.B.K2	Ground Reference Maneuvers	Effects of wind on ground track and relation to a ground reference.
PA.V.B.K3	Ground Reference Maneuvers	Effects of bank angle and groundspeed on rate and radius of turn.
PA.V.B.K4	Ground Reference Maneuvers	Relationship of rectangular course to airport traffic pattern.
PA.V.B.R1	Ground Reference Maneuvers	Division of attention between aircraft control and orientation.
PA.V.B.R2	Ground Reference Maneuvers	Collision hazards.
PA.V.B.R3	Ground Reference Maneuvers	Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.V.B.R4	Ground Reference Maneuvers	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.V.B.R5	Ground Reference Maneuvers	Uncoordinated flight.
PA.V.B.S1	Ground Reference Maneuvers	Clear the area.
PA.V.B.S2	Ground Reference Maneuvers	Select a suitable ground reference area, line, or point as appropriate.
PA.V.B.S3	Ground Reference Maneuvers	Plan the maneuver:
PA.V.B.S3a	Ground Reference Maneuvers	a. Rectangular course: enter a left or right pattern, 600 to 1,000 feet above ground level (AGL) at an appropriate distance from the selected reference area, 45° to the downwind leg
PA.V.B.S3b	Ground Reference Maneuvers	b. S-turns: enter perpendicular to the selected reference line, 600 to 1,000 feet AGL at an appropriate distance from the selected reference area
PA.V.B.S3c	Ground Reference Maneuvers	c. Turns around a point: enter at an appropriate distance from the reference point, 600 to 1,000 feet AGL at an appropriate distance from the selected reference area
PA.V.B.S4	Ground Reference Maneuvers	Apply adequate wind-drift correction during straight and turning flight to maintain a constant ground track around a rectangular reference area, or to maintain a constant radius turn on each side of a selected reference line or point.
PA.V.B.S5	Ground Reference Maneuvers	If performing S-Turns, reverse the turn directly over the selected reference line; if performing turns around a point, complete turns in either direction, as specified by the evaluator.
PA.V.B.S6	Ground Reference Maneuvers	Divide attention between airplane control, traffic avoidance and the ground track while maintaining coordinated flight.
PA.V.B.S7	Ground Reference Maneuvers	Maintain altitude ±100 feet; maintain airspeed ±10 knots.
PA.VI.A.K1	Pilotage and Dead Reckoning	Pilotage and dead reckoning.
PA.VI.A.K2	Pilotage and Dead Reckoning	Magnetic compass errors.
PA.VI.A.K3	Pilotage and Dead Reckoning	Topography.
PA.VI.A.K4	Pilotage and Dead Reckoning	Selection of appropriate:
PA.VI.A.K4a	Pilotage and Dead Reckoning	a. Route
PA.VI.A.K4b	Pilotage and Dead Reckoning	b. Altitude(s)
PA.VI.A.K4c	Pilotage and Dead Reckoning	c. Checkpoints
PA.VI.A.K5	Pilotage and Dead Reckoning	Plotting a course, including:
PA.VI.A.K5a	Pilotage and Dead Reckoning	a. Determining heading, speed, and course
PA.VI.A.K5b	Pilotage and Dead Reckoning	b. Wind correction angle
PA.VI.A.K5c	Pilotage and Dead Reckoning	c. Estimating time, speed, and distance
PA.VI.A.K5d	Pilotage and Dead Reckoning	d. True airspeed and density altitude
PA.VI.A.K6	Pilotage and Dead Reckoning	Power setting selection.
PA.VI.A.K7	Pilotage and Dead Reckoning	Planned calculations versus actual results and required corrections.
PA.VI.A.R1	Pilotage and Dead Reckoning	Collision hazards.
PA.VI.A.R2	Pilotage and Dead Reckoning	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.VI.A.R3	Pilotage and Dead Reckoning	Unplanned fuel/power consumption, if applicable.
PA.VI.A.S1	Pilotage and Dead Reckoning	Prepare and use a flight log.
PA.VI.A.S2	Pilotage and Dead Reckoning	Navigate by pilotage.
PA.VI.A.S3	Pilotage and Dead Reckoning	Navigate by means of pre-computed headings, groundspeeds, elapsed time, and reference to landmarks or checkpoints.
PA.VI.A.S4	Pilotage and Dead Reckoning	Use the magnetic direction indicator in navigation, including turns to headings.
PA.VI.A.S5	Pilotage and Dead Reckoning	Verify position within three nautical miles of the flight-planned route.
PA.VI.A.S6	Pilotage and Dead Reckoning	Arrive at the en route checkpoints within five minutes of the initial or revised estimated time of arrival (ETA) and provide a destination estimate.
PA.VI.A.S7	Pilotage and Dead Reckoning	Maintain the selected altitude, ±200 feet and heading, ±15°.
PA.VI.B.K1	Navigation Systems and Radar Services	Ground-based navigation (identification, orientation, course determination, equipment, tests, regulations, interference, appropriate use of navigation data, and signal integrity).
PA.VI.B.K2	Navigation Systems and Radar Services	Satellite-based navigation (e.g., equipment, regulations, authorized use of databases, and Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM)).
PA.VI.B.K3	Navigation Systems and Radar Services	Radar assistance to visual flight rules (VFR) aircraft (e.g., operations, equipment, available services, traffic advisories).
PA.VI.B.K4	Navigation Systems and Radar Services	Transponder (Mode(s) A, C, and S) and Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B).
PA.VI.B.R1	Navigation Systems and Radar Services	Management of automated navigation and autoflight systems.
PA.VI.B.R2	Navigation Systems and Radar Services	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.VI.B.R3	Navigation Systems and Radar Services	Limitations of the navigation system in use.
PA.VI.B.R4	Navigation Systems and Radar Services	Loss of a navigation signal.
PA.VI.B.R5	Navigation Systems and Radar Services	Use of an electronic flight bag (EFB), if used.
PA.VI.B.S1	Navigation Systems and Radar Services	Use an airborne electronic navigation system.
PA.VI.B.S2	Navigation Systems and Radar Services	Determine the airplane's position using the navigation system.
PA.VI.B.S3	Navigation Systems and Radar Services	Intercept and track a given course, radial, or bearing.
PA.VI.B.S4	Navigation Systems and Radar Services	Recognize and describe the indication of station or waypoint passage.
PA.VI.B.S5	Navigation Systems and Radar Services	Recognize signal loss or interference and take appropriate action, if applicable.
PA.VI.B.S6	Navigation Systems and Radar Services	Use proper communication procedures when utilizing radar services.
PA.VI.B.S7	Navigation Systems and Radar Services	Maintain the selected altitude, ±200 feet and heading, ±15°.
PA.VI.C.K1	Diversion	Selecting an alternate destination.
PA.VI.C.K2	Diversion	Situations that require deviations from flight plan or air traffic control (ATC) instructions.
PA.VI.C.R1	Diversion	Collision hazards.
PA.VI.C.R2	Diversion	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.VI.C.R3	Diversion	Circumstances that would make diversion prudent.
PA.VI.C.R4	Diversion	Selecting an appropriate airport or seaplane base.
PA.VI.C.R5	Diversion	Using available resources (e.g., automation, ATC, and flight deck planning aids).
PA.VI.C.S1	Diversion	Select a suitable destination and route for diversion.
PA.VI.C.S2	Diversion	Make a reasonable estimate of heading, groundspeed, arrival time, and fuel required to the "divert to" destination.
PA.VI.C.S3	Diversion	Maintain the selected altitude, ±200 feet and heading, ±15°.
PA.VI.C.S4	Diversion	Update/interpret weather in flight.
PA.VI.C.S5	Diversion	Use displays of digital weather and aeronautical information, as applicable to maintain situational awareness.
PA.VI.C.S6	Diversion	Promptly divert toward the destination.
PA.VI.D.K1	Lost Procedures	Methods to determine position.
PA.VI.D.K2	Lost Procedures	Assistance available if lost (e.g., radar services, communication procedures).
PA.VI.D.R1	Lost Procedures	Collision hazards.
PA.VI.D.R2	Lost Procedures	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.VI.D.R3	Lost Procedures	Recording times over waypoints.
PA.VI.D.R4	Lost Procedures	When to seek assistance or declare an emergency in a deteriorating situation.
PA.VI.D.S1	Lost Procedures	Use an appropriate method to determine position.
PA.VI.D.S2	Lost Procedures	Maintain an appropriate heading and climb as necessary.
PA.VI.D.S3	Lost Procedures	Identify prominent landmarks.
PA.VI.D.S4	Lost Procedures	Use navigation systems/facilities or contact an ATC facility for assistance.
PA.VI.D.S5	Lost Procedures	Select an appropriate course of action.
PA.VII.A.K1	Maneuvering During Slow Flight	Aerodynamics associated with slow flight in various airplane configurations, including the relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, power setting, airplane weight and center of gravity, airplane attitude, and yaw effects.
PA.VII.A.R1	Maneuvering During Slow Flight	Inadvertent slow flight and flight with a stall warning, which could lead to loss of control.
PA.VII.A.R2	Maneuvering During Slow Flight	Range and limitations of stall warning indicators (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).
PA.VII.A.R3	Maneuvering During Slow Flight	Uncoordinated flight.
PA.VII.A.R4	Maneuvering During Slow Flight	Effect of environmental elements on airplane performance (e.g., turbulence, microbursts, and high- density altitude).
PA.VII.A.R5	Maneuvering During Slow Flight	Collision hazards.
PA.VII.A.R6	Maneuvering During Slow Flight	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.VII.A.S1	Maneuvering During Slow Flight	Clear the area.
PA.VII.A.S2	Maneuvering During Slow Flight	Select an entry altitude that allows the Task to be completed no lower than 1,500 feet above ground level (AGL) (ASEL, ASES) or 3,000 feet AGL (AMEL, AMES).
PA.VII.A.S3	Maneuvering During Slow Flight	Establish and maintain an airspeed at which any further increase in angle of attack, increase in load factor, or reduction in power, would result in a stall warning (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).
PA.VII.A.S4	Maneuvering During Slow Flight	Accomplish coordinated straight-and-level flight, turns, climbs, and descents with the aircraft configured as specified by the evaluator without a stall warning (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).
PA.VII.A.S5	Maneuvering During Slow Flight	Maintain the specified altitude, ±100 feet; specified heading, ±10°; airspeed, +10/-0 knots; and specified angle of bank, ±10°.
PA.VII.B.K1	Power-Off Stalls	Aerodynamics associated with stalls in various airplane configurations, including the relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, power setting, airplane weight and center of gravity, airplane attitude, and yaw effects.
PA.VII.B.K2	Power-Off Stalls	Stall characteristics as they relate to airplane design, and recognition impending stall and full stall indications using sight, sound, or feel.
PA.VII.B.K3	Power-Off Stalls	Factors and situations that can lead to a power-off stall and actions that can be taken to prevent it.
PA.VII.B.K4	Power-Off Stalls	Fundamentals of stall recovery.
PA.VII.B.R1	Power-Off Stalls	Factors and situations that could lead to an inadvertent power-off stall, spin, and loss of control.
PA.VII.B.R2	Power-Off Stalls	Range and limitations of stall warning indicators (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).
PA.VII.B.R3	Power-Off Stalls	Stall warning(s) during normal operations.
PA.VII.B.R4	Power-Off Stalls	Stall recovery procedure.
PA.VII.B.R5	Power-Off Stalls	Secondary stalls, accelerated stalls, and cross-control stalls.
PA.VII.B.R6	Power-Off Stalls	Effect of environmental elements on airplane performance related to power-off stalls (e.g., turbulence, microbursts, and high-density altitude).
PA.VII.B.R7	Power-Off Stalls	Collision hazards.
PA.VII.B.R8	Power-Off Stalls	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.VII.B.S1	Power-Off Stalls	Clear the area.
PA.VII.B.S2	Power-Off Stalls	Select an entry altitude that allows the Task to be completed no lower than 1,500 feet above ground level (AGL) (ASEL, ASES) or 3,000 feet AGL (AMEL, AMES).
PA.VII.B.S3	Power-Off Stalls	Configure the airplane in the approach or landing configuration, as specified by the evaluator, and maintain coordinated flight throughout the maneuver.
PA.VII.B.S4	Power-Off Stalls	Establish a stabilized descent.
PA.VII.B.S5	Power-Off Stalls	Transition smoothly from the approach or landing attitude to a pitch attitude that induces a stall.
PA.VII.B.S6	Power-Off Stalls	Maintain a specified heading ±10° if in straight flight; maintain a specified angle of bank not to exceed 20°, ±10° if in turning flight, while inducing the stall.
PA.VII.B.S7	Power-Off Stalls	Acknowledge cues of the impending stall and then recover promptly after a full stall occurs.
PA.VII.B.S8	Power-Off Stalls	Execute a stall recovery in accordance with procedures set forth in the Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH) or Airplane Flight Manual (AFM).
PA.VII.B.S9	Power-Off Stalls	Configure the airplane as recommended by the manufacturer, and accelerate to best angle of climb speed (VX) or best rate of climb speed (VY).
PA.VII.B.S10	Power-Off Stalls	Return to the altitude, heading, and airspeed specified by the evaluator.
PA.VII.B.S11	Power-Off Stalls	Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
PA.VII.C.K1	Power-On Stalls	Aerodynamics associated with stalls in various airplane configurations, including the relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, power setting, airplane weight and center of gravity, airplane attitude, and yaw effects.
PA.VII.C.K2	Power-On Stalls	Stall characteristics as they relate to airplane design, and recognition impending stall and full stall indications using sight, sound, or feel.
PA.VII.C.K3	Power-On Stalls	Factors and situations that can lead to a power-on stall and actions that can be taken to prevent it.
PA.VII.C.K4	Power-On Stalls	Fundamentals of stall recovery.
PA.VII.C.R1	Power-On Stalls	Factors and situations that could lead to an inadvertent power-on stall, spin, and loss of control.
PA.VII.C.R2	Power-On Stalls	Range and limitations of stall warning indicators (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).
PA.VII.C.R3	Power-On Stalls	Stall warning(s) during normal operations.
PA.VII.C.R4	Power-On Stalls	Stall recovery procedure.
PA.VII.C.R5	Power-On Stalls	Secondary stalls, accelerated stalls, elevator trim stalls, and cross-control stalls.
PA.VII.C.R6	Power-On Stalls	Effect of environmental elements on airplane performance related to power-on stalls (e.g., turbulence, microbursts, and high-density altitude).
PA.VII.C.R7	Power-On Stalls	Collision hazards.
PA.VII.C.R8	Power-On Stalls	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.VII.C.S1	Power-On Stalls	Clear the area.
PA.VII.C.S2	Power-On Stalls	Select an entry altitude that allows the Task to be completed no lower than 1,500 feet above ground level (AGL) (ASEL, ASES) or 3,000 feet AGL (AMEL, AMES).
PA.VII.C.S3	Power-On Stalls	Establish the takeoff, departure, or cruise configuration, as specified by the evaluator, and maintain coordinated flight throughout the maneuver.
PA.VII.C.S4	Power-On Stalls	Set power (as assigned by the evaluator) to no less than 65 percent power.
PA.VII.C.S5	Power-On Stalls	Transition smoothly from the takeoff or departure attitude to the pitch attitude that induces a stall.
PA.VII.C.S6	Power-On Stalls	Maintain a specified heading, ±10° if in straight flight; maintain a specified angle of bank not to exceed 20°, ±10° if in turning flight, while inducing the stall.
PA.VII.C.S7	Power-On Stalls	Acknowledge cues of the impending stall and then recover promptly after a full stall occurs.
PA.VII.C.S8	Power-On Stalls	Execute a stall recovery in accordance with procedures set forth in the Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH)/Flight Manual (FM).
PA.VII.C.S9	Power-On Stalls	Configure the airplane as recommended by the manufacturer, and accelerate to best angle of climb speed (VX) or best rate of climb speed (VY).
PA.VII.C.S10	Power-On Stalls	Return to the altitude, heading, and airspeed specified by the evaluator.
PA.VII.C.S11	Power-On Stalls	Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
PA.VII.D.K1	Spin Awareness	Aerodynamics associated with spins in various airplane configurations, including the relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, power setting, airplane weight and center of gravity, airplane attitude, and yaw effects.
PA.VII.D.K2	Spin Awareness	What causes a spin and how to identify the entry, incipient, and developed phases of a spin.
PA.VII.D.K3	Spin Awareness	Spin recovery procedure.
PA.VII.D.R1	Spin Awareness	Factors and situations that could lead to inadvertent spin and loss of control.
PA.VII.D.R2	Spin Awareness	Range and limitations of stall warning indicators (e.g., aircraft buffet, stall horn, etc.).
PA.VII.D.R3	Spin Awareness	Spin recovery procedure.
PA.VII.D.R4	Spin Awareness	Effect of environmental elements on airplane performance related to spins (e.g., turbulence, microbursts, and high-density altitude).
PA.VII.D.R5	Spin Awareness	Collision hazards.
PA.VII.D.R6	Spin Awareness	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.VIII.A.K1	Straight-and-Level Flight	Flight instruments as they relate to:
PA.VIII.A.K1a	Straight-and-Level Flight	a. Instrument limitations and potential errors
PA.VIII.A.K1b	Straight-and-Level Flight	b. Indication of the aircraft attitude
PA.VIII.A.K1c	Straight-and-Level Flight	c. Function and operation
PA.VIII.A.K1d	Straight-and-Level Flight	d. Proper instrument cross-check techniques
PA.VIII.A.R1	Straight-and-Level Flight	Instrument flying hazards, including failure to maintain visual flight rules (VFR), spatial disorientation, loss of control, fatigue, stress, and emergency off airport landings.
PA.VIII.A.R2	Straight-and-Level Flight	When to seek assistance or declare an emergency in a deteriorating situation.
PA.VIII.A.R3	Straight-and-Level Flight	Collision hazards.
PA.VIII.A.R4	Straight-and-Level Flight	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.VIII.A.R5	Straight-and-Level Flight	Fixation and omission.
PA.VIII.A.R6	Straight-and-Level Flight	Instrument Interpretation.
PA.VIII.A.R7	Straight-and-Level Flight	Control application solely by reference to instruments.
PA.VIII.A.R8	Straight-and-Level Flight	Trimming the aircraft.
PA.VIII.A.S1	Straight-and-Level Flight	Maintain straight-and-level flight using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and coordinated control application.
PA.VIII.A.S2	Straight-and-Level Flight	Maintain altitude ±200 feet, heading ±20°, and airspeed ±10 knots.
PA.VIII.B.K1	Constant Airspeed Climbs	Flight instruments as they relate to:
PA.VIII.B.K1a	Constant Airspeed Climbs	a. Instrument limitations and potential errors
PA.VIII.B.K1b	Constant Airspeed Climbs	b. Indication of the aircraft attitude
PA.VIII.B.K1c	Constant Airspeed Climbs	c. Function and operation
PA.VIII.B.K1d	Constant Airspeed Climbs	d. Proper instrument cross-check techniques
PA.VIII.B.R1	Constant Airspeed Climbs	Instrument flying hazards, including failure to maintain visual flight rules (VFR), spatial disorientation, loss of control, fatigue, stress, and emergency off airport landings.
PA.VIII.B.R2	Constant Airspeed Climbs	When to seek assistance or declare an emergency in a deteriorating situation.
PA.VIII.B.R3	Constant Airspeed Climbs	Collision hazards.
PA.VIII.B.R4	Constant Airspeed Climbs	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.VIII.B.R5	Constant Airspeed Climbs	Fixation and omission.
PA.VIII.B.R6	Constant Airspeed Climbs	Instrument Interpretation.
PA.VIII.B.R7	Constant Airspeed Climbs	Control application solely by reference to instruments.
PA.VIII.B.R8	Constant Airspeed Climbs	Trimming the aircraft.
PA.VIII.B.S1	Constant Airspeed Climbs	Transition to the climb pitch attitude and power setting on an assigned heading using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and coordinated flight control application.
PA.VIII.B.S2	Constant Airspeed Climbs	Climb at a constant airspeed to specific altitudes in straight flight and turns.
PA.VIII.B.S3	Constant Airspeed Climbs	Level off at the assigned altitude and maintain altitude ±200 feet, heading ±20°, and airspeed ±10 knots.
PA.VIII.C.K1	Constant Airspeed Descents	Flight instruments as they relate to:
PA.VIII.C.K1a	Constant Airspeed Descents	a. Instrument limitations and potential errors
PA.VIII.C.K1b	Constant Airspeed Descents	b. Indication of the aircraft attitude
PA.VIII.C.K1c	Constant Airspeed Descents	c. Function and operation
PA.VIII.C.K1d	Constant Airspeed Descents	d. Proper instrument cross-check techniques
PA.VIII.C.R1	Constant Airspeed Descents	Instrument flying hazards, including failure to maintain visual flight rules (VFR), spatial disorientation, loss of control, fatigue, stress, and emergency off airport landings.
PA.VIII.C.R2	Constant Airspeed Descents	When to seek assistance or declare an emergency in a deteriorating situation.
PA.VIII.C.R3	Constant Airspeed Descents	Collision hazards.
PA.VIII.C.R4	Constant Airspeed Descents	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.VIII.C.R5	Constant Airspeed Descents	Fixation and omission.
PA.VIII.C.R6	Constant Airspeed Descents	Instrument Interpretation.
PA.VIII.C.R7	Constant Airspeed Descents	Control application solely by reference to instruments.
PA.VIII.C.R8	Constant Airspeed Descents	Trimming the aircraft.
PA.VIII.C.S1	Constant Airspeed Descents	Transition to the descent pitch attitude and power setting on an assigned heading using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and coordinated flight control application.
PA.VIII.C.S2	Constant Airspeed Descents	Descend at a constant airspeed to specific altitudes in straight flight and turns.
PA.VIII.C.S3	Constant Airspeed Descents	Level off at the assigned altitude and maintain altitude ±200 feet, heading ±20°, and airspeed ±10 knots.
PA.VIII.D.K1	Turns to Headings	Flight instruments as they relate to:
PA.VIII.D.K1a	Turns to Headings	a. Instrument limitations and potential errors
PA.VIII.D.K1b	Turns to Headings	b. Indication of the aircraft attitude
PA.VIII.D.K1c	Turns to Headings	c. Function and operation
PA.VIII.D.K1d	Turns to Headings	d. Proper instrument cross-check techniques
PA.VIII.D.R1	Turns to Headings	Instrument flying hazards, including failure to maintain visual flight rules (VFR), spatial disorientation, loss of control, fatigue, stress, and emergency off airport landings.
PA.VIII.D.R2	Turns to Headings	When to seek assistance or declare an emergency in a deteriorating situation.
PA.VIII.D.R3	Turns to Headings	Collision hazards.
PA.VIII.D.R4	Turns to Headings	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.VIII.D.R5	Turns to Headings	Fixation and omission.
PA.VIII.D.R6	Turns to Headings	Instrument Interpretation.
PA.VIII.D.R7	Turns to Headings	Control application solely by reference to instruments.
PA.VIII.D.R8	Turns to Headings	Trimming the aircraft.
PA.VIII.D.S1	Turns to Headings	Turn to headings, maintain altitude ±200 feet, maintain a standard rate turn, roll out on the assigned heading ±10°, and maintain airspeed ±10 knots.
PA.VIII.E.K1	Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes	Prevention of unusual attitudes, including flight causal, physiological, and environmental factors, and system and equipment failures.
PA.VIII.E.K1a	Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes	a. [Archived]
PA.VIII.E.K1b	Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes	b. [Archived]
PA.VIII.E.K1c	Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes	c. [Archived]
PA.VIII.E.K1d	Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes	d. [Archived]
PA.VIII.E.K2	Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes	Procedures for recovery from unusual attitudes in flight.
PA.VIII.E.K3	Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes	Procedures available to safely regain visual meteorological conditions (VMC) after flight into inadvertent instrument meteorological conditions or unintended instrument meteorological conditions (IIMC)/(UIMC).
PA.VIII.E.K4	Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes	Appropriate use of automation, if applicable.
PA.VIII.E.R1	Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes	Situations that could lead to loss of control in-flight (LOC-I) or unusual attitudes in-flight (e.g., stress, task saturation, inadequate instrument scan distractions, and spatial disorientation).
PA.VIII.E.R2	Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes	[Archived]
PA.VIII.E.R3	Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes	Collision hazards.
PA.VIII.E.R4	Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.VIII.E.R5	Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes	Interpreting flight instruments.
PA.VIII.E.R6	Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes	[Archived]
PA.VIII.E.R7	Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes	Operating envelope considerations.
PA.VIII.E.R8	Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes	Control input errors, inducing undesired aircraft attitudes.
PA.VIII.E.R9	Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes	Assessment of the unusual attitude.
PA.VIII.E.R10	Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes	Control application solely by reference to instruments.
PA.VIII.E.S1	Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes	Use proper instrument cross-check and interpretation to identify an unusual attitude (including both nose-high and nose-low) in flight, and apply the appropriate flight control, power input, and aircraft configuration in the correct sequence, to return to a stabilized level flight attitude.
PA.VIII.E.S2	Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes	Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
PA.VIII.F.K1	Radio Communications, Navigation Systems/Facilities, and Radar Services	Operating communications equipment, including identifying and selecting radio frequencies, requesting and following air traffic control (ATC) instructions.
PA.VIII.F.K2	Radio Communications, Navigation Systems/Facilities, and Radar Services	Operating navigation equipment, including functions and displays, and following bearings, radials, or courses.
PA.VIII.F.K3	Radio Communications, Navigation Systems/Facilities, and Radar Services	Air traffic control facilities and services.
PA.VIII.F.R1	Radio Communications, Navigation Systems/Facilities, and Radar Services	When to seek assistance or declare an emergency in a deteriorating situation.
PA.VIII.F.R2	Radio Communications, Navigation Systems/Facilities, and Radar Services	Using available resources (e.g., automation, ATC, and flight deck planning aids).
PA.VIII.F.S1	Radio Communications, Navigation Systems/Facilities, and Radar Services	Maintain airplane control while selecting proper communications frequencies, identifying the appropriate facility, and managing navigation equipment.
PA.VIII.F.S2	Radio Communications, Navigation Systems/Facilities, and Radar Services	Comply with ATC instructions.
PA.VIII.F.S3	Radio Communications, Navigation Systems/Facilities, and Radar Services	[Archived]
PA.IX.A.K1	Emergency Descent	Situations that would require an emergency descent (e.g., depressurization, smoke, or engine fire).
PA.IX.A.K2	Emergency Descent	Immediate action items and emergency procedures.
PA.IX.A.K3	Emergency Descent	Airspeed, including airspeed limitations.
PA.IX.A.K4	Emergency Descent	Aircraft performance and limitations.
PA.IX.A.R1	Emergency Descent	Altitude, wind, terrain, obstructions, gliding distance, and available landing distance considerations.
PA.IX.A.R2	Emergency Descent	Collision hazards.
PA.IX.A.R3	Emergency Descent	Configuring the airplane.
PA.IX.A.R4	Emergency Descent	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IX.A.S1	Emergency Descent	Clear the area.
PA.IX.A.S2	Emergency Descent	Establish and maintain the appropriate airspeed and configuration appropriate to the scenario specified by the evaluator and as covered in Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH)/Airplane Flight Manual (AFM) for the emergency descent.
PA.IX.A.S3	Emergency Descent	Maintain orientation, divide attention appropriately, and plan and execute a smooth recovery.
PA.IX.A.S4	Emergency Descent	Use bank angle between 30° and 45° to maintain positive load factors during the descent.
PA.IX.A.S5	Emergency Descent	Maintain appropriate airspeed +0/-10 knots, and level off at a specified altitude ±100 feet.
PA.IX.A.S6	Emergency Descent	Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IX.A.S7	Emergency Descent	Make radio calls as appropriate.
PA.IX.A.S8	Emergency Descent	Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
PA.IX.B.K1	Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated)	Immediate action items and emergency procedures.
PA.IX.B.K2	Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated)	Airspeed, including:
PA.IX.B.K2a	Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated)	a. Importance of best glide speed and its relationship to distance
PA.IX.B.K2b	Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated)	b. Difference between best glide speed and minimum sink speed
PA.IX.B.K2c	Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated)	c. Effects of wind on glide distance
PA.IX.B.K3	Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated)	Effects of atmospheric conditions on emergency approach and landing.
PA.IX.B.K4	Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated)	A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.
PA.IX.B.K5	Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated)	Emergency Locator Transmitters (ELTs) and other emergency locating devices.
PA.IX.B.K6	Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated)	Air traffic control (ATC) services to aircraft in distress.
PA.IX.B.R1	Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated)	Altitude, wind, terrain, obstructions, gliding distance, and available landing distance considerations.
PA.IX.B.R2	Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated)	Following or changing the planned flightpath to the selected landing area.
PA.IX.B.R3	Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated)	Collision hazards.
PA.IX.B.R4	Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated)	Configuring the airplane.
PA.IX.B.R5	Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated)	Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IX.B.R6	Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated)	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IX.B.S1	Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated)	Establish and maintain the recommended best glide airspeed, ±10 knots.
PA.IX.B.S2	Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated)	Configure the airplane in accordance with the Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH)\Airplane Flight Manual (AFM) and existing conditions.
PA.IX.B.S3	Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated)	Select a suitable landing area considering altitude, wind, terrain, obstructions, and available glide distance.
PA.IX.B.S4	Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated)	Plan and follow a flightpath to the selected landing area considering altitude, wind, terrain, and obstructions.
PA.IX.B.S5	Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated)	Prepare for landing as specified by the evaluator.
PA.IX.B.S6	Emergency Approach and Landing (Simulated)	Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IX.C.K1	Systems and Equipment Malfunctions	Causes of partial or complete power loss related to the specific type of powerplant(s).
PA.IX.C.K1a	Systems and Equipment Malfunctions	a. [Archived]
PA.IX.C.K1b	Systems and Equipment Malfunctions	b. [Archived]
PA.IX.C.K1c	Systems and Equipment Malfunctions	c. [Archived]
PA.IX.C.K1d	Systems and Equipment Malfunctions	d. [Archived]
PA.IX.C.K2	Systems and Equipment Malfunctions	System and equipment malfunctions specific to the aircraft, including:
PA.IX.C.K2a	Systems and Equipment Malfunctions	a. Electrical malfunction
PA.IX.C.K2b	Systems and Equipment Malfunctions	b. Vacuum/pressure and associated flight instrument malfunctions
PA.IX.C.K2c	Systems and Equipment Malfunctions	c. Pitot-static system malfunction
PA.IX.C.K2d	Systems and Equipment Malfunctions	d. Electronic flight deck display malfunction
PA.IX.C.K2e	Systems and Equipment Malfunctions	e. Landing gear or flap malfunction
PA.IX.C.K2f	Systems and Equipment Malfunctions	f. Inoperative trim
PA.IX.C.K3	Systems and Equipment Malfunctions	Causes and remedies for smoke or fire onboard the aircraft.
PA.IX.C.K4	Systems and Equipment Malfunctions	Any other system specific to the aircraft (e.g., supplemental oxygen, deicing).
PA.IX.C.K5	Systems and Equipment Malfunctions	Inadvertent door or window opening.
PA.IX.C.R1	Systems and Equipment Malfunctions	Checklist usage for a system or equipment malfunction.
PA.IX.C.R2	Systems and Equipment Malfunctions	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IX.C.R3	Systems and Equipment Malfunctions	Undesired aircraft state.
PA.IX.C.R4	Systems and Equipment Malfunctions	Startle response.
PA.IX.C.S1	Systems and Equipment Malfunctions	Determine appropriate action for simulated emergencies specified by the evaluator, from at least three of the elements or sub-elements listed in K1 through K5.
PA.IX.C.S2	Systems and Equipment Malfunctions	Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IX.D.K1	Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear	Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) operations, limitations, and testing requirements.
PA.IX.D.K2	Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear	Fire extinguisher operations and limitations.
PA.IX.D.K3	Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear	Emergency equipment and survival gear needed for:
PA.IX.D.K3a	Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear	a. Climate extremes (hot/cold)
PA.IX.D.K3b	Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear	b. Mountainous terrain
PA.IX.D.K3c	Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear	c. Overwater operations
PA.IX.D.K4	Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear	When to deploy a ballistic parachute and associated passenger briefings, if equipped.
PA.IX.D.K5	Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear	When to activate an emergency auto-land system and brief passengers, if equipped.
PA.IX.D.R1	Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear	Survival gear (water, clothing, shelter) for 48 to 72 hours.
PA.IX.D.R2	Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear	Use of a ballistic parachute system.
PA.IX.D.R3	Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear	Use of an emergency auto-land system, if installed.
PA.IX.D.S1	Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear	Identify appropriate equipment and personal gear.
PA.IX.D.S2	Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear	Brief passengers on proper use of on-board emergency equipment and survival gear.
PA.IX.D.S3	Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear	Simulate ballistic parachute deployment procedures, if equipped.
PA.IX.E.K1	Engine Failure During Takeoff Before VMC (Simulated)	Factors affecting minimum control airspeed with an inoperative engine (VMC).
PA.IX.E.K2	Engine Failure During Takeoff Before VMC (Simulated)	VMC (red line) and best single-engine rate of climb airspeed (VYSE) (blue line).
PA.IX.E.K3	Engine Failure During Takeoff Before VMC (Simulated)	Accelerate/stop distance.
PA.IX.E.R1	Engine Failure During Takeoff Before VMC (Simulated)	Potential engine failure during takeoff.
PA.IX.E.R2	Engine Failure During Takeoff Before VMC (Simulated)	Configuring the airplane.
PA.IX.E.R3	Engine Failure During Takeoff Before VMC (Simulated)	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IX.E.S1	Engine Failure During Takeoff Before VMC (Simulated)	Close the throttles smoothly and promptly when a simulated engine failure occurs.
PA.IX.E.S2	Engine Failure During Takeoff Before VMC (Simulated)	Maintain directional control and apply brakes (AMEL), or flight controls (AMES), as necessary.
PA.IX.F.K1	Engine Failure After Liftoff (Simulated)	Factors affecting minimum controllable speed (VMC).
PA.IX.F.K2	Engine Failure After Liftoff (Simulated)	VMC (red line), VYSE (blue line), and safe single-engine speed (VSSE).
PA.IX.F.K3	Engine Failure After Liftoff (Simulated)	Accelerate/stop and accelerate/go distances.
PA.IX.F.K4	Engine Failure After Liftoff (Simulated)	How to identify, verify, feather, and secure an inoperative engine.
PA.IX.F.K5	Engine Failure After Liftoff (Simulated)	Importance of drag reduction, including propeller feathering, gear and flap retraction, the manufacturer's recommended control input and its relation to zero sideslip.
PA.IX.F.K6	Engine Failure After Liftoff (Simulated)	Simulated propeller feathering and the evaluator's zero-thrust procedures and responsibilities.
PA.IX.F.R1	Engine Failure After Liftoff (Simulated)	Potential engine failure after lift-off.
PA.IX.F.R2	Engine Failure After Liftoff (Simulated)	Collision hazards.
PA.IX.F.R3	Engine Failure After Liftoff (Simulated)	Configuring the airplane.
PA.IX.F.R4	Engine Failure After Liftoff (Simulated)	Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IX.F.R5	Engine Failure After Liftoff (Simulated)	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IX.F.S1	Engine Failure After Liftoff (Simulated)	Promptly recognize an engine failure, maintain control, and use appropriate emergency procedures.
PA.IX.F.S2	Engine Failure After Liftoff (Simulated)	Establish VYSE; if obstructions are present, establish best single-engine angle of climb speed (VXSE) or VMC +5 knots, whichever is greater, until obstructions are cleared. Then transition to VYSE.
PA.IX.F.S3	Engine Failure After Liftoff (Simulated)	Reduce drag by retracting landing gear and flaps in accordance with the manufacturer's guidance.
PA.IX.F.S4	Engine Failure After Liftoff (Simulated)	Simulate feathering the propeller on the inoperative engine (evaluator should then establish zero thrust on the inoperative engine).
PA.IX.F.S5	Engine Failure After Liftoff (Simulated)	Use flight controls in the proper combination as recommended by the manufacturer, or as required to maintain best performance, and trim as required.
PA.IX.F.S6	Engine Failure After Liftoff (Simulated)	Monitor the operating engine and aircraft systems and make adjustments as necessary.
PA.IX.F.S7	Engine Failure After Liftoff (Simulated)	Recognize the airplane's performance capabilities. If a climb is not possible at VYSE, maintain VYSE and return to the departure airport for landing, or initiate an approach to the most suitable landing area available.
PA.IX.F.S8	Engine Failure After Liftoff (Simulated)	Simulate securing the inoperative engine.
PA.IX.F.S9	Engine Failure After Liftoff (Simulated)	Maintain heading ±10° and airspeed ±5 knots.
PA.IX.F.S10	Engine Failure After Liftoff (Simulated)	Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.IX.G.K1	Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)	Factors affecting minimum controllable speed (VMC).
PA.IX.G.K2	Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)	VMC (red line) and best single-engine rate of climb airspeed (VYSE) (blue line).
PA.IX.G.K3	Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)	How to identify, verify, feather, and secure an inoperative engine.
PA.IX.G.K4	Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)	Importance of drag reduction, including propeller feathering, gear and flap retraction, the manufacturer's recommended control input and its relation to zero sideslip.
PA.IX.G.K5	Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)	Applicant responsibilities during simulated feathering.
PA.IX.G.R1	Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)	Potential engine failure inflight or during an approach.
PA.IX.G.R2	Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)	Collision hazards.
PA.IX.G.R3	Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)	Configuring the airplane.
PA.IX.G.R4	Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)	Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.IX.G.R5	Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.IX.G.R6	Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)	Possible single-engine go-around.
PA.IX.G.S1	Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)	Promptly recognize an engine failure and maintain positive aircraft control.
PA.IX.G.S2	Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)	Set the engine controls, reduce drag, identify and verify the inoperative engine, and simulate feathering of the propeller on the inoperative engine (evaluator should then establish zero thrust on the inoperative engine).
PA.IX.G.S3	Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)	Use flight controls in the proper combination as recommended by the manufacturer, or as required to maintain best performance, and trim as required.
PA.IX.G.S4	Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)	Follow the manufacturer's recommended emergency procedures and complete the appropriate checklist.
PA.IX.G.S5	Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)	Monitor the operating engine and aircraft systems and make adjustments as necessary.
PA.IX.G.S6	Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)	Maintain the manufacturer's recommended approach airspeed +10/-5 knots, in the landing configuration with a stabilized approach, until landing is assured.
PA.IX.G.S7	Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)	Make smooth, timely, and correct control application before, during, and after touchdown.
PA.IX.G.S8	Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)	Touch down on the first one-third of available runway/landing surface, with no drift, and the airplane's longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway center or landing path.
PA.IX.G.S9	Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)	Maintain directional control and appropriate crosswind correction throughout the approach and landing.
PA.IX.G.S10	Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)	Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.X.A.K1	Maneuvering with One Engine Inoperative	Factors affecting minimum controllable speed (VMC).
PA.X.A.K2	Maneuvering with One Engine Inoperative	VMC (red line) and best single-engine rate of climb airspeed (VYSE) (blue line).
PA.X.A.K3	Maneuvering with One Engine Inoperative	How to identify, verify, feather, and secure an inoperative engine.
PA.X.A.K4	Maneuvering with One Engine Inoperative	Importance of drag reduction, including propeller feathering, gear and flap retraction, the manufacturer's recommended control input and its relation to zero sideslip.
PA.X.A.K5	Maneuvering with One Engine Inoperative	Feathering, securing, unfeathering, and restarting.
PA.X.A.R1	Maneuvering with One Engine Inoperative	Potential engine failure during flight.
PA.X.A.R2	Maneuvering with One Engine Inoperative	Collision hazards.
PA.X.A.R3	Maneuvering with One Engine Inoperative	Configuring the airplane.
PA.X.A.R4	Maneuvering with One Engine Inoperative	Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.X.A.R5	Maneuvering with One Engine Inoperative	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.X.A.S1	Maneuvering with One Engine Inoperative	Recognize an engine failure, maintain control, use manufacturer's memory item procedures, and use appropriate emergency procedures.
PA.X.A.S2	Maneuvering with One Engine Inoperative	Set the engine controls, identify and verify the inoperative engine, and feather the appropriate propeller.
PA.X.A.S3	Maneuvering with One Engine Inoperative	Use flight controls in the proper combination as recommended by the manufacturer, or as required to maintain best performance, and trim as required.
PA.X.A.S4	Maneuvering with One Engine Inoperative	Attempt to determine and resolve the reason for the engine failure.
PA.X.A.S5	Maneuvering with One Engine Inoperative	Secure the inoperative engine and monitor the operating engine and make necessary adjustments.
PA.X.A.S6	Maneuvering with One Engine Inoperative	Restart the inoperative engine using manufacturer's restart procedures.
PA.X.A.S7	Maneuvering with One Engine Inoperative	Maintain altitude ±100 feet or minimum sink rate if applicable, airspeed ±10 knots, and selected headings ±10°.
PA.X.A.S8	Maneuvering with One Engine Inoperative	Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.X.B.K1	VMC Demonstration	Factors affecting VMC and how VMC differs from stall speed (VS).
PA.X.B.K2	VMC Demonstration	VMC (red line), VYSE (blue line), and safe single-engine speed (VSSE).
PA.X.B.K3	VMC Demonstration	Cause of loss of directional control at airspeeds below VMC.
PA.X.B.K4	VMC Demonstration	Proper procedures for maneuver entry and safe recovery.
PA.X.B.R1	VMC Demonstration	Configuring the airplane.
PA.X.B.R2	VMC Demonstration	Maneuvering with one engine inoperative.
PA.X.B.R3	VMC Demonstration	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.X.B.S1	VMC Demonstration	Configure the airplane in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations, in the absence of the manufacturer's recommendations, then at safe single-engine speed (VSSE/VYSE), as appropriate, and:
PA.X.B.S1a	VMC Demonstration	a. Landing gear retracted
PA.X.B.S1b	VMC Demonstration	b. Flaps set for takeoff
PA.X.B.S1c	VMC Demonstration	c. Cowl flaps set for takeoff
PA.X.B.S1d	VMC Demonstration	d. Trim set for takeoff
PA.X.B.S1e	VMC Demonstration	e. Propellers set for high revolutions per minute (rpm)
PA.X.B.S1f	VMC Demonstration	f. Power on critical engine reduced to idle and propeller windmilling
PA.X.B.S1g	VMC Demonstration	g. Power on operating engine set to takeoff or maximum available power
PA.X.B.S2	VMC Demonstration	Establish a single-engine climb attitude with the airspeed at approximately 10 knots above VSSE.
PA.X.B.S3	VMC Demonstration	Establish a bank angle not to exceed 5° toward the operating engine, as required for best performance and controllability.
PA.X.B.S4	VMC Demonstration	Increase the pitch attitude slowly to reduce the airspeed at approximately 1 knot per second while applying increased rudder pressure as needed to maintain directional control.
PA.X.B.S5	VMC Demonstration	Recognize and recover at the first indication of loss of directional control, stall warning, or buffet.
PA.X.B.S6	VMC Demonstration	Recover promptly by simultaneously reducing power sufficiently on the operating engine, decreasing the angle of attack as necessary to regain airspeed and directional control, and without adding power on the simulated failed engine.
PA.X.B.S7	VMC Demonstration	Recover within 20° of entry heading.
PA.X.B.S8	VMC Demonstration	Advance power smoothly on the operating engine and accelerate to VSSE/VYSE, as appropriate, +10/-5 knots during recovery.
PA.X.C.K1	One Engine Inoperative (Simulated) (solely by Reference to Instruments) During Straight-and-	Procedures used if engine failure occurs during straight-and-level flight and turns while on instruments.
PA.X.C.R1	One Engine Inoperative (Simulated) (solely by Reference to Instruments) During Straight-and-	Identification of the inoperative engine.
PA.X.C.R2	One Engine Inoperative (Simulated) (solely by Reference to Instruments) During Straight-and-	Inability to climb or maintain altitude with an inoperative engine.
PA.X.C.R3	One Engine Inoperative (Simulated) (solely by Reference to Instruments) During Straight-and-	Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.X.C.R4	One Engine Inoperative (Simulated) (solely by Reference to Instruments) During Straight-and-	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.X.C.R5	One Engine Inoperative (Simulated) (solely by Reference to Instruments) During Straight-and-	Fuel management during single-engine operation.
PA.X.C.S1	One Engine Inoperative (Simulated) (solely by Reference to Instruments) During Straight-and-	Promptly recognize an engine failure and maintain positive aircraft control.
PA.X.C.S2	One Engine Inoperative (Simulated) (solely by Reference to Instruments) During Straight-and-	Set the engine controls, reduce drag, identify and verify the inoperative engine, and simulate feathering of the propeller on the inoperative engine (evaluator should then establish zero thrust on the inoperative engine).
PA.X.C.S3	One Engine Inoperative (Simulated) (solely by Reference to Instruments) During Straight-and-	Establish the best engine-inoperative airspeed and trim the airplane.
PA.X.C.S4	One Engine Inoperative (Simulated) (solely by Reference to Instruments) During Straight-and-	Use flight controls in the proper combination as recommended by the manufacturer, or as required to maintain best performance, and trim as required.
PA.X.C.S5	One Engine Inoperative (Simulated) (solely by Reference to Instruments) During Straight-and-	Verify the prescribed checklist procedures used for securing the inoperative engine.
PA.X.C.S6	One Engine Inoperative (Simulated) (solely by Reference to Instruments) During Straight-and-	Attempt to determine and resolve the reason for the engine failure.
PA.X.C.S7	One Engine Inoperative (Simulated) (solely by Reference to Instruments) During Straight-and-	Monitor engine functions and make necessary adjustments.
PA.X.C.S8	One Engine Inoperative (Simulated) (solely by Reference to Instruments) During Straight-and-	Maintain the specified altitude ±100 feet or minimum sink rate if applicable, airspeed ±10 knots, and the specified heading ±10°.
PA.X.C.S9	One Engine Inoperative (Simulated) (solely by Reference to Instruments) During Straight-and-	Assess the aircraft's performance capability and decide an appropriate action to ensure a safe landing.
PA.X.C.S10	One Engine Inoperative (Simulated) (solely by Reference to Instruments) During Straight-and-	Avoid loss of airplane control or attempted flight contrary to the engine-inoperative operating limitations of the airplane.
PA.X.C.S11	One Engine Inoperative (Simulated) (solely by Reference to Instruments) During Straight-and-	Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.
PA.X.D.K1	Instrument Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)	Instrument approach procedures with one engine inoperative.
PA.X.D.R1	Instrument Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)	Potential engine failure during approach and landing.
PA.X.D.R2	Instrument Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)	Collision hazards.
PA.X.D.R3	Instrument Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)	Configuring the airplane.
PA.X.D.R4	Instrument Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)	Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
PA.X.D.R5	Instrument Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.X.D.R6	Instrument Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)	Performing a go-around/rejected landing with an engine failure.
PA.X.D.S1	Instrument Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)	Promptly recognize an engine failure and maintain positive aircraft control.
PA.X.D.S2	Instrument Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)	Set the engine controls, reduce drag, identify and verify the inoperative engine, and simulate feathering of the propeller on the inoperative engine (evaluator should then establish zero thrust on the inoperative engine).
PA.X.D.S3	Instrument Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)	Use flight controls in the proper combination as recommended by the manufacturer, or as required to maintain best performance, and trim as required.
PA.X.D.S4	Instrument Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)	Follow the manufacturer's recommended emergency procedures and complete the appropriate checklist.
PA.X.D.S5	Instrument Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)	Monitor the operating engine and aircraft systems and make adjustments as necessary.
PA.X.D.S6	Instrument Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)	Request and follow an actual or a simulated air traffic control (ATC) clearance for an instrument approach.
PA.X.D.S7	Instrument Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)	Maintain altitude ±100 feet or minimum sink rate if applicable, airspeed ±10 knots, and selected heading ±10°.
PA.X.D.S8	Instrument Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)	Establish a rate of descent that ensures arrival at the minimum descent altitude (MDA) or decision altitude (DA)/decision height (DH) with the airplane in a position from which a descent to a landing on the intended runway or landing path can be made, either straight in or circling as appropriate.
PA.X.D.S9	Instrument Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)	On final approach segment, maintain vertical (as applicable) and lateral guidance within 3/4-scale deflection.
PA.X.D.S10	Instrument Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)	Avoid loss of airplane control or attempted flight contrary to the operating limitations of the airplane.
PA.X.D.S11	Instrument Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)	Comply with the published criteria for the aircraft approach category if circling.
PA.X.D.S12	Instrument Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)	Execute a landing.
PA.X.D.S13	Instrument Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated)	Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.XI.A.K1	Night Operations	Physiological aspects of vision related to night flying.
PA.XI.A.K2	Night Operations	Lighting systems identifying airports, runways, taxiways and obstructions, as well as pilot controlled lighting.
PA.XI.A.K3	Night Operations	Airplane equipment and lighting requirements for night operations.
PA.XI.A.K4	Night Operations	Personal equipment essential for night flight.
PA.XI.A.K5	Night Operations	Night orientation, navigation, chart reading techniques and methods for maintaining night vision effectiveness.
PA.XI.A.K6	Night Operations	Night taxi operations.
PA.XI.A.K7	Night Operations	Interpretation of traffic position and direction based solely on position lights.
PA.XI.A.K8	Night Operations	Visual illusions at night.
PA.XI.A.R1	Night Operations	Collision hazards.
PA.XI.A.R2	Night Operations	Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.
PA.XI.A.R3	Night Operations	Effect of visual illusions and night adaptation during all phases of night flying.
PA.XI.A.R4	Night Operations	Runway incursion.
PA.XI.A.R5	Night Operations	Night currency versus proficiency.
PA.XI.A.R6	Night Operations	Weather considerations specific to night operations.
PA.XI.A.R7	Night Operations	Inoperative equipment.
PA.XII.A.K1	After Landing, Parking, and Securing	Airplane shutdown, securing, and postflight inspection.
PA.XII.A.K2	After Landing, Parking, and Securing	Documenting in-flight/postflight discrepancies.
PA.XII.A.R1	After Landing, Parking, and Securing	Activities and distractions.
PA.XII.A.R2	After Landing, Parking, and Securing	[Archived]
PA.XII.A.R3	After Landing, Parking, and Securing	Airport specific security procedures.
PA.XII.A.R4	After Landing, Parking, and Securing	Disembarking passengers safely on the ramp and monitoring passenger movement while on the ramp.
PA.XII.A.S1	After Landing, Parking, and Securing	[Archived]
PA.XII.A.S2	After Landing, Parking, and Securing	Park in an appropriate area, considering the safety of nearby persons and property.
PA.XII.A.S3	After Landing, Parking, and Securing	Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.XII.A.S4	After Landing, Parking, and Securing	Conduct a postflight inspection and document discrepancies and servicing requirements, if any.
PA.XII.A.S5	After Landing, Parking, and Securing	Secure the airplane.
PA.XII.B.K1	Seaplane Post-Landing Procedures	Mooring.
PA.XII.B.K2	Seaplane Post-Landing Procedures	Docking.
PA.XII.B.K3	Seaplane Post-Landing Procedures	Anchoring.
PA.XII.B.K4	Seaplane Post-Landing Procedures	Beaching/ramping.
PA.XII.B.K5	Seaplane Post-Landing Procedures	Postflight inspection, recording of in-flight/postflight discrepancies.
PA.XII.B.R1	Seaplane Post-Landing Procedures	Activities and distractions.
PA.XII.B.R2	Seaplane Post-Landing Procedures	[Archived]
PA.XII.B.R3	Seaplane Post-Landing Procedures	Seaplane base specific security procedures, if applicable.
PA.XII.B.R4	Seaplane Post-Landing Procedures	Disembarking passengers safely on the ramp and monitoring passenger movement while on the ramp.
PA.XII.B.S1	Seaplane Post-Landing Procedures	If anchoring, select a suitable area considering seaplane movement, water depth, tide, wind, and weather changes. Use an adequate number of anchors and lines of sufficient strength and length to ensure the seaplane's security.
PA.XII.B.S2	Seaplane Post-Landing Procedures	If not anchoring, approach the dock/mooring buoy or beach/ramp in the proper direction and at a safe speed, considering water depth, tide, current, and wind.
PA.XII.B.S3	Seaplane Post-Landing Procedures	Complete the appropriate checklist(s).
PA.XII.B.S4	Seaplane Post-Landing Procedures	Conduct a postflight inspection and document discrepancies and servicing requirements, if any.
PA.XII.B.S5	Seaplane Post-Landing Procedures	Secure the seaplane considering the effect of wind, waves, and changes in water level, or comply with applicable after landing, parking, and securing procedures if operating an amphibious airplane on land.